The non-ferrous metal industry, such as Cr/Ni/Cu plating, produces acid sludge which is usually neutralized with lime slurry in batch processes, and the resulting waste is dewatered by vacuum filtration or filter-pressing. Dewatered sludge contains calcium sulphate (CaSO 4) coming from the neutralization process, as well as transition metals (Cr, Ni and Cu), oil, grease and suspended solids. In this communication, two residual sludges from Cr/Ni/Cu plating have been dried (110 ºC) and fired (1100 ºC), and both dried (gray coloured) and fired powders (black coloured) have been characterized by DTA-TG, XRD and SEM-EDX techniques. XRD shows only quartz crystallization in dried samples, while NiCr 2 O 4 chromite spinel and NiO periclase crystallize in fired powders, along with CaSO 4 anhydrite and CaSiO 3 wollastonite. The powders have been introduced as ceramic pigments into three different conventional glazes: a) a lead bisilicate (PbO.2SiO 2) double fire frit (1000ºC), b) a double fire frit with low lead content (1000ºC), and c) a double fire frit without lead (1050ºC). Glazed samples were characterized by UV-Vis-NIR (diffuse reflectance) and CIEL*a*b* (color parameters). Dried powders induce glaze defects (pin-holing and crawling), but fired powders did not show these faults exhibiting more intense (higher L*) and yellowish (higher b*) black colors than the standard spinel.
In order to contribute to the sustainability of the foundry and construction industrial sectors, this work investigated the possibility of employing used foundry sand (UFS) in soil-cement bricks. Modular bricks were prepared with percentages of 10 wt% cement, 0-25 wt% commercial sand, 0-65 wt% used foundry sand, 25-65 wt% clay, and 15-30 wt% gravel dust. A content of 10 wt% Portland cement was adopted to ensure economic feasibility, and gravel was used to improve mechanical strength. The modular bricks were tested to determine their technical properties. The interfaces between the constituent materials were observed by scanning electron microscopy. In durability tests, the bricks showed water absorption and weight loss in accordance with current technical standards. The addition of UFS together with gravel dust reduced water absorption and provided an acceptable level of mechanical resistance, in accordance with established soil-cement standards. Keywords: soil-cement brick, used foundry sand, building ceramics, solid industrial waste.
Resumo
A fim de contribuir para a sustentabilidade de indústrias de fundição e de construção, este artigo estudou a possibilidade de areia descartada de fundição (ADF) ser incorporada em tijolos de solo-cimento. Tijolos modulares foram preparados com
RESUMO Na indústria cerâmica de revestimento a cor é um parâmetro de grande importância no desenvolvimento de produtos. O aspecto visual da peça cerâmica e seu valor de mercado são influenciados por parâmetros como tonalidade, brilho e intensidade de cor. Neste segmento, a busca de novos pigmentos é constante, com foco na redução de custos, na adequação ambiental de pigmentos e na necessidade de inovação em cores e processos. Estes pigmentos, quando dispersos em um sólido, devem ser capazes de desenvolver cor mantendo-se insolúveis e inertes nas elevadas temperaturas de processamento. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi a síntese de pigmento cerâmico com a estrutura de Wollastonita - CaSiO3, com a inclusão de cromo como íon cromóforo, em teores variados. A difratometria de raios-X foi utilizada para avaliar o efeito da adição do cromo na formação das fases cristalinas. A análise de distribuição de tamanho de partícula foi realizada pela técnica de difração a laser. A análise colorimétrica foi realizado pela incorporação do pigmento em esmalte comercial e a avaliação da cor desenvolvida, através da determinação dos parâmetros colorimétricos L*, a*, b*. Os resultados mostraram que o teor de cromo utilizado e a temperatura de síntese interferem no desenvolvimento dos silicatos e na performance dos pigmentos.
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