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The four-sideband model of parametric instabilities driven by orthogonal pump waves in birefringent fibers is developed and validated by numerical simulations. A polynomial eigenvalue equation is derived and used to determine how the spatial growth rates and frequency bandwidths of various instabilities depend on the system parameters. The maximal growth rate is associated with a group-speed matched four-sideband process (coupled modulation instability), whereas broad-bandwidth gain is associated primarily with a two-sideband process (phase conjugation). This four-sideband model facilitates the design of parametric amplifiers driven by two pump waves with different frequencies and polarizations.

We review recent progress made in parametric amplification and signal processing using high confinement fibers. In contrast to crystalline and semiconductor devices, fiber parametric amplifiers offer interaction lengths that can vary from 10 m to 1 km and are not limited by waveguide losses. The operation, design and impairment physics of general fiber parametric devices are reviewed. The technology prospects for advanced signal processing are discussed.Two-pump parametric interaction combines at least two nondegenerate and one degenerate four-photon mixing process: phase conjugation (blue), Bragg scattering (green) and MI (red).

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508 / VOL. 2 / OFC 2003 / THURSDAY MORNING to 2 dBm when the gain is increased to 23.5 dB.Note that the XGS effect can be reduced by a gain clamping principle, i.e. by launching high power CW signal into the FOPA. ConclusloosWe have presented, to ow knowledge, the fmt expenmental results on FOPA as in-line amplifier for WDM systems. We.have quantified the impairments from both XGS and FWM and found them -101 -30 -20 t 1 Fif -90 1540 1550 1560 1570 1580 Wavelength, nmFig. 2 Typical spectra with and without pump after the HNLF. -. . equal channel spacing -~ Fig 3 O m l l o r c o~e e x e s showing how a hit seque$ [unequ