Nanocrystals of magnesium oxide react with organophosphorus compounds at room temperature by dissociative chemisorption, which we term “destructive adsorption”. This process involves cleavage of PO and PF bonds (but not PC bonds) and immobilization of the resultant molecular fragments. These ultrafine powders have unusual crystalline shapes and possess high surface concentrations of reactive edge/corner and defect sites, and thereby display higher surface reactivity, normalized for surface area, than typical polycrystalline material. This high surface reactivity coupled with high surface area allows their use for effective decontamination of chemical warfare agents and related toxic substances. Herein data is presented for paraoxon, diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP), and (CH3CH2O)2P(O)CH2SC6H5 (DEPTMP). Solid‐state NMR and IR spectroscopy indicate that all OR and F groups dissociate; this leaves bound PO4, F, and OR groups for paraoxon, DFP, and DEPTMP, respectively. For paraoxon, it was shown that one monolayer reacts. For DEPTMP, the OR groups dissociate, but not the PCH2SC6H5 group. The nanocrystalline MgO reacts much faster and in higher capacity than typical activated carbon samples, which physisorb but do not destructively adsorb these phosphorous compounds.

Physical properties of blown films (25-60-pm thickness) from compounded mixtures of linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) and starch were investigated. As starch content increased, tensile strength, percent elongation, and light transmittance decreased and film thickness increased. Among the tested films, small-particle corn starch (2-pm average diameter) film had the highest elongation rate and tensile and yield strength (560%, 3.15 kg/mm2, and 1.07 kg/mm2, respectively, at 15% starch content). Potato starch (35-pm average diameter) film had the lowest values (508%, 1.52 kg/mm2, and 0.55 kg/mm2, respectively, at 15% starch content). Potato starch-LLDPE film had the highest light transmittance and film thickness; small-particle corn starch had the lowest.Tensile and yield strength of the films had strong negative correlations with average starch granule diameter ( R = -0.99 and -0.94, respectively). Film thickness and light transmittance were linearly correlated with starch granule size (R = 0.93 and 0.87, respectively). Using small-particle corn starch substantially increased incorporated starch level in the film while maintaining the film quality.

A series of solid sorbent materials, including alumina (Al 2 O 3 ), magnesia (MgO), titania (TiO 2 ), silica (SiO 2 ), and carbon, of widely varying physical properties, have been studied as sorbents for two toxic substances: sulfur dioxide gas (SO 2 ) and chemical warfare surrogate 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (2-CEES, ClCH 2 CH 2 SCH 2 CH 3 ). Sorbent surface areas, average pore sizes, pore volumes, surface hydroxyl groups, and nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms were measured. Surface areas varied from 18 m 2 /g to over 1000 m 2 /g, pore volumes from 0.04 to 1.2 cm 3 /g, and pore diameters from 1.7 to 4.9 nm. Breakthrough studies of SO 2 and 2-CEES sorption yielded information about the effectiveness of each sorbent. Carbon samples worked well for 2-CEES but not SO 2 , while silica samples were poor for both. The best MgO and TiO 2 samples were good for both SO 2 and 2-CEES, and overall, the highest surface area (459 m 2 /g) TiO 2 sample was the superior sorbent. The important features for an effective sorbent under the conditions employed are high surface area and high pore volume, possessing isolated surface -OH groups, mesoporous nature, and a polar surface (Lewis base and Lewis acid sites).

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