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A scheme has been proposed, modeled and simulated to show an improved system efficiency, battery life and payback period of a 340 kWp peak power grid interactive solar photovoltaic system. In this case, a conventional solar photovoltaic system capable to fulfill 66% energy demands has been modified to meet complete energy demands without an increase in system's photovoltaic capacity. It has been shown via modelling and simulation on PVSyst that using direct current appliances instead of alternating current appliances, initial power demands are reduced by 58% and conversion losses (DC-AC-DC) of 9.6% are eliminated. These modifications result in an overall increase in the system's performance ratio from 73.8 to 83.4%, with an increase in energy production from 469.6 to 557.9 MWh. As an outcome, battery life is increased by 1200 duty cycles as the depth of discharge is reduced from 35 to 26%.

Glycine-assisted sol-gel-synthesized multiple-doped spinels, LiM 0.25 Ni 0.25 Mn 1.5 O 4 ͑M = Cr, Fe, and Co͒ have been studied as 5 V cathode materials. The sol-gel technique provides homogeneity, high purity, lower processing temperature, controlled particle size, and morphology. The synthesized samples were subjected to physical characterization studies, viz., thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and electrochemical charge-discharge studies. Galvanostatic charge-discharge studies of the samples reveal that LiFe 0.25 Ni 0.25 Mn 1.5 O 4 using glycine as a chelating agent delivers a stable capacity of 120 mAh g −1 even after 20 cycles when cycled between 3 and 5 V.

Sol–gel assisted spinel LiCrxNiyMn2−x−ynormalO4 ( 0≤x≤0.4 and 0≤y≤0.4 ) has been synthesized. The thermal study of the precursor was carried out by thermogravimetric and differential thermal analyses. Furthermore, the material has been subjected to X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform IR spectroscopy analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry studies, and electrochemical charge–discharge studies. The X-ray diffraction of LiCrxNiyMn2−x−ynormalO4 matches well with the Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standard card no. 35-782, confirming the formation of a single-phase spinel. Charge–discharge studies were carried out between 3 and 5 V to understand the electrochemical behavior of the undoped and doped spinels. LiCr0.25Ni0.25Mn1.5normalO4 calcined at 850°C possesses a particle size of around 70 nm and exhibits an initial discharge capacity of 105mAhnormalg−1 stabilizing at 98mAhnormalg−1 over the investigated 20 cycles. However, maleic acid derived LiCr0.25Ni0.25Mn1.5normalO4 delivers a stable higher discharge capacity of ∼115mAhnormalg−1 over the investigated 20 cycles and is a promising 5 V cathode material.