The middle ears of some species of anurans display a set of features that are derived. Some of these features have obvious adaptive significance, whereas the adaptive significance of other derived features is rather obscure. The sequence of histological differentiation of the elements of the derived anuran middle ear, as well as the pattern of morphological changes in their shape, were analyzed and compared with the morphogenesis of the generalized middle ear. Most of the derived features are paedomorphic characters associated with truncated development. The accelerated rate of the opercular development, together with the delayed initiation of function in the tympanic system, permit heterochronic development phenomena to affect the formation of anuran sound-conducting systems.
Рассмотрен один из вариантов решения задачи детектирования водных объектов и определения их площади на основе данных со спутников серии «Sentinel-2», обработанных с помощью программного обеспечения SNAP. По материалам спутникового мониторинга выполнены исследования площади зеркала 14 гипергалинных озер Крыма, большинство из которых относятся к категории рыбохозяйственного значения. В результате было установлено, что наибольшие сезонные изменения претерпевала площадь зеркала оз. Малое Ялы-Майнакское Евпаторийской группы, оз. Акташское и Киркояшское Керченской группы; наименьшие -оз. Кирлеутское и Круглое Перекопской группы, оз. Ярылгач Тарханкутской группы, оз. Ойбурское и Мойнакское Евпаторийской группы. Среднемноголетние показатели исследуемых площадей относительно показателей 2004 г. были ниже, за исключением оз. Ярылгач. Наибольшие отклонения в сторону уменьшения прослеживались в оз. Акташское. Ключевые слова: методика расчета, дистанционное зондирование, детектирования водных объектов, площадь зеркала, спутниковый мониторинг, гипергалинные озера Крыма, рыбохозяйственное значение озер. Поступила в редакцию: 13.04.2020.
Orbital frequency
analyzer (OFA) is one of the electrostatic ion
trap mass analysers for FTMS, which offers ultrahigh mass resolution
and high ion charge capacity. In order to analyze multiply charged
proteins and other large biological particles by means of charge detection
mass spectrometry, a data processing algorithm was created to suit
the image charge signal of nonharmonic waveform nature. The algorithm
is capable of detecting collisions between ions and residual gas molecules,
to determine lifetime of ions, and to evaluate the charge and mass
values for ions having lifetime above a threshold. With the filtering
of the lifetime and charge value, the chemical noise from small molecules
and protein fragments can be eliminated in the reconstructed spectrum,
facilitating measurement of protein content at a very low concentration,
down to tens of nanomolars. The standard deviation of charge measurement
is between 1.1 to 1.8 e for ions with oscillation lifetimes from 1
to 0.4 s, and this in turn determines the CDMS spectrum mass peak
width. It has been found that the lower voltage setting of the OFA
results in a larger population of ions surviving for longer times
and thus produces narrower mass peak width. While OFA is able to run
multiplexed CDMS without ion motion interference, coexisting ions
of the same or very close m/z can
cause interference between their image charge signals, which increases
the error in charge determination.
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