A detailed analysis is presented of the diffractive deep-inelastic scattering process ep → eXY , where Y is a proton or a low mass proton excitation carrying a fraction 1−x I P > 0.95 of the incident proton longitudinal momentum and the squared four-momentum transfer at the proton vertex satisfies |t| < 1 GeV 2 . Using data taken by the H1 experiment, the cross section is measured for photon virtualities in the range 3.5 ≤ Q 2 ≤ 1600 GeV 2 , triple differentially in x I P , Q 2 and β = x/x I P , where x is the Bjorken scaling variable. At low x I P , the data are consistent with a factorisable x I P dependence, which can be described by the exchange of an effective pomeron trajectory with intercept α IP (0) = 1.118 ± 0.008 (exp.) +0.029 −0.010 (model). Diffractive parton distribution functions and their uncertainties are determined from a next-to-leading order DGLAP QCD analysis of the Q 2 and β dependences of the cross section. The resulting gluon distribution carries an integrated fraction of around 70% of the exchanged momentum in the Q 2 range studied. Total and differential cross sections are also measured for the diffractive charged current process e + p →ν e XY and are found to be well described by predictions based on the diffractive parton distributions. The ratio of the diffractive to the inclusive neutral current ep cross sections is studied. Over most of the kinematic range, this ratio shows no significant dependence on Q 2 at fixed x I P and x or on x at fixed Q 2 and β.

We present a unified study of nucleon and ∆ elastic and transition form factors, and compare predictions made using a framework built upon a Faddeev equation kernel and interaction vertices that possess QCD-like momentum dependence with results obtained using a symmetry-preserving treatment of a vector ⊗ vector contact-interaction. The comparison emphasises that experiments are sensitive to the momentum dependence of the running couplings and masses in the strong interaction sector of the Standard Model and highlights that the key to describing hadron properties is a veracious expression of dynamical chiral symmetry breaking in the bound-state problem. Amongst the results we describe, the following are of particular interest:possesses a zero at Q 2 = 9.5 GeV 2 ; any change in the interaction which shifts a zero in the proton ratio to larger Q 2 relocates a zero inthere is likely a value of momentum transfer above which G n E > G p E ; and the presence of strong diquark correlations within the nucleon is sufficient to understand empirical extractions of the flavour-separated form factors. Regarding the ∆(1232)-baryon, we find that, inter alia: the electric monopole form factor exhibits a zero; the electric quadrupole form factor is negative, large in magnitude, and sensitive to the nature and strength of correlations in the ∆(1232) Faddeev amplitude; and the magnetic octupole form factor is negative so long as rest-frame P -and D-wave correlations are included. In connection with the N → ∆ transition, the momentum-dependence of the magnetic transition form factor, G * M , matches that of G n M once the momentum transfer is high enough to pierce the meson-cloud; and the electric quadrupole ratio is a keen measure of diquark and orbital angular momentum correlations, the zero in which is obscured by meson-cloud effects on the domain currently accessible to experiment. Importantly, within each framework, identical propagators and vertices are sufficient to describe all properties discussed herein. Our analysis and predictions should therefore serve as motivation for measurement of elastic and transition form factors involving the nucleon and its resonances at high photon virtualities using modern electron-beam facilities.

We calculate the pion's valence-quark momentum-fraction probability distribution using a DysonSchwinger equation model. Valence-quarks with an active mass of 0.30 GeV carry 71% of the pion's momentum at a resolving scale q0 = 0.54 GeV = 1/(0.37 fm). The shape of the calculated distribution is characteristic of a strongly bound system and, evolved from q0 to q = 2 GeV, it yields first, second and third moments in agreement with lattice and phenomenological estimates, and valence-quarks carrying 49% of the pion's momentum. However, pointwise there is a discrepancy between our calculated distribution and that hitherto inferred from parametrisations of extant pionnucleon Drell-Yan data.

A measurement of charm and beauty dijet photoproduction cross sections at the ep collider HERA is presented. Events are selected with two or more jets of transverse momentum p jet 1(2) t > 11(8) GeV in the central range of pseudo-rapidity −0.9 < η jet 1(2) < 1.3. The fractions of events containing charm and beauty quarks are determined using a method based on the impact parameter, in the transverse plane, of tracks to the primary vertex, as measured by the H1 central vertex detector. Differential dijet cross sections for charm and beauty, and their relative contributions to the flavour inclusive dijet photoproduction cross section, are measured as a function of the transverse momentum of the leading jet, the average pseudo-rapidity of the two jets and the observable x obs γ . Taking into account the theoretical uncertainties, the charm cross sections are consistent with a QCD calculation in next-to-leading order, while the predicted cross sections for beauty production are somewhat lower than the measurement.

We project onto the light-front the pion's Poincaré-covariant Bethe-Salpeter wave-function, obtained using two different approximations to the kernels of QCD's Dyson-Schwinger equations. At an hadronic scale both computed results are concave and significantly broader than the asymptotic distribution amplitude, ϕ asy π (x) = 6x(1 − x); e.g., the integral of ϕπ(x)/ϕ asy π (x) is 1.8 using the simplest kernel and 1.5 with the more sophisticated kernel. Independent of the kernels, the emergent phenomenon of dynamical chiral symmetry breaking is responsible for hardening the amplitude.