Biological invasions are of increasing global concern. They impact on biodiversity and may result in high economic loss. This demands improvement in knowledge of the dynamics of species dispersal with the goal of preventing future invasions, and predicting and reducing undesirable impacts. This study reports on non-indigenous macroinvertebrate species (NIMS) which have invaded Lithuanian fresh waters. Fifteen NIMS have been recorded during a 12-year study. They include one cnidarian, two molluscan and twelve crustacean species. The deliberate introduction of peracaridans and crayfish for fishery and aquaculture enhancement has substantially contributed to the current NIMS composition. Invaders of Ponto-Caspian origin are dominant, and the collector-gatherers are the largest group with respect to feeding mode. Current NIMS distributions, the history of their primary invasion and patterns of local dispersal are analysed. The main invasion vectors have been inland shipping and deliberate introductions, while secondary spread proceeded both naturally and by various human mediated vectors. The current distribution of most NIMS may remain constant in the future, whilst further expansion of a few NIMS, which possess good dispersal abilities and are well-adapted to freshwater environments, seems very probable. Using multivariate analysis of data from water bodies with established peracaridan invaders, allowed predictions on which unsurveyed water bodies could contain such invaders. Invasions of new NIMS and diversification of donor areas, pathways and vectors are considered. RÉSUMÉ Les espèces de macroinvertébrés non-indigènes dans les eaux douces lituaniennes, Partie 1 : distribution, dispersion et devenirLes invasions biologiques constituent une préoccupation mondiale croissante. Elles ont une incidence sur la biodiversité et peuvent entraîner des pertes écono-miques élevées. Cela exige l'amélioration des connaissances sur la dynamique de la dispersion des espèces dans le but de prévenir les invasions futures, et de prédire et réduire les effets indésirables. Cette étude liste les espèces de macroinvertébrés non-indigènes (NIMS) qui ont envahi les eaux douces lituaniennes. Quinze NIMS ont été enregistrées au cours d'une étude de 12 ans. Elles comprennent un cnidaire,
The biological pressure represented by non-indigenous macroinvertebrate species (NIMS) should be addressed in the implementation of EU Water Framework Directive as this can have a direct impact on the 'naturalness' of the invaded macroinvertebrate assemblage. The biocontamination concept allows assessment of this deviation from naturalness, by evaluation of abundance and disparity contamination of an assemblage. This study aimed to assess the biocontamination of macroinvertebrate assemblages in Lithuanian rivers, thereby revealing the most high-impact non-indigenous species, and to explore the relationship between biocontamination and conventional metrics of ecological quality. Most of the studied rivers appeared to be impacted by NIMS. The amphipods Pontogammarus robustoides, Chelicorophium curvispinum and snail Litoglyphus naticoides were revealed as high-impact NIMS for Lithuanian lotic systems. Metrics of ecological quality which largely depend upon the richness of indicator taxa, such as the biological monitoring working party (BMWP) score and Ephemeroptera/Plecoptera/Trichoptera (EPT) taxa number, were negatively correlated with biocontamination, implying they could provide unreliable ecological quality estimates when NIMS are present. Routine macroinvertebrate water quality monitoring data are sufficient for generation of the biocontamination assessment and thus can provide supplementary information, with minimal extra expense or effort. We therefore recommend that biocontamination assessment is included alongside established methods for gauging biological and chemical water quality. RÉSUMÉLes espèces de macroinvertébrés non-indigènes dans les eaux douces lituaniennes , Partie 2 : Les écarts à la naturalité des assemblages de macroinvertébrés dans les écosystèmes lotiques et les impacts potentiels conséquents sur l'évaluation de la qualité écologique La pression biologique représentée par des espèces non-indigènes de macroinvertébrés (NIMS) devrait être abordée dans la mise en oeuvre de la directive cadre sur l'eau car cela peut avoir un impact direct sur la « naturalité » des communautés de macroinvertébrés envahies. Le concept de biocontamination permet d'évaluer cet écart de naturalité, par l'évaluation de la contamination en abondance et diversité d'une communauté. Cette étude vise à évaluer la biocontamination des assemblages de macroinvertébrés dans les rivières lituaniennes, révélant ainsi les espèces non indigènes à plus haute incidence, et d'explorer la relation entre la biocontamination et les métriques conventionnelles d'évaluation de la qualité écolo-gique. La plupart des rivières étudiées semblent être touchées par les NIMS. Les amphipodes Pontogammarus robustoides, Chelicorophium curvispinum et les escargots Litoglyphus naticoides se révèlent comme NIMS à fort impact pour les systèmes lotiques lituaniens. Les métriques de qualité écologique, qui dépendent largement de la richesse de taxons indicateurs, tels que le score (BMWP) et le nombre de taxons Ephéméroptères / Plécoptères / Tri...
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