By incidence is meant the presence of coexistent medical diseases in surgical patients before they undergo clinical anxsthesia. Incidence is variable, and depends on the age, type of surgery, heredity, geographical and environmental factors, modern international travel, and the method of study (Kyei-Mensah & Thornton 1974). A retrospective study of the case records of 2650 patients submitted to hip surgery in the last two to three years has been made. The patients were treated at the Prince of Wales's and St Ann's

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Tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the deadliest infectious diseases responsible for millions of deaths annually across the world. In developing countries the incidence of tuberculosis has been increasing steadily, the most serious infectious causes of all the global mortality and morbidity. The principle aim is to assess the prescribed Tuberculosis treatment and curative outcome of patients registered for Tuberculosis treatment. A Prospective Observational study was conducted in Tuberculosis Unit of Pulmonology Department, Sri Venkateswara Ramnarain Ruia Government General Hospital, a tertiary care hospital in Tirupathi, Andhra Pradesh, India for 6 months duration with a sample size of 150. In this study male were predominant with 87 (58%), age group of 41-60 years were predominant. Pulmonary Tuberculosis cases were 136 and Extra Pulmonary Tuberculosis was 14; the patients with Diabetes Mellitus (45%), HIV (24%), Alcohol (28%) and Smoking (40%). The cases under category I and II were 100 and 50; the sputum positive, sputum negative and sputum not done were 127, 14 and 9 respectively. The sputum score was 1 in 16, 2 in 53, and 3 in 58. Treatment success rate was 81%, treatment failure was 3%, defaulter, transferred out and mortality rate were found to be 6%, 4% and 6% respectively. Despite of success rate we still observe considerable rate of treatment failure due to resistance, non-compliance totreatment and lack of awareness in the patients about importance of Tuberculosis treatment. Further efforts should be made by responsible bodies to include clinical pharmacists to improve success rate of Tuberculosis treatment, as clinical pharmacist play a key role in educating the patients.

Background: This study was conducted to study the clinical profile of hypoglycemia in newborn and to determine the prevalence of hypoglycemia among neonates admitted in NICU.Methods: All newborns admitted in NICU were examined and those with hypoglycemia (GMR<45 mg/dl) were included in the study and observed. In neonates with risk factors blood sugar was screened at 2, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours of life or whenever symptoms suggestive of hypoglycemia developed in any neonates and for critically sick neonates blood sugar was screened in every 6 hour in active phase of illness. Any neonates with blood glucose level less than 45 mg/dl were analysed for maternal risk factors, neonatal risk factors and course in the NICU.Results: The prevalence of neonatal hypoglycemia was 14.9% among NICU admissions. The maternal risk factors were GDM, PIH, and PROM. The neonatal risk factors were prematurity, SGA, LGA and comorbid conditions which include perinatal asphyxia, sepsis, polycythemia, shock. The common symptoms were poor feeding, lethargy, jitteriness, convulsions, irritability, hypotonia and cyanosis. Majority of the neonates required only oral feeds for correction of hypoglycemia.Conclusions: Blood glucose screening in neonates with this risk factor is mandatory as many of the neonates were asymptomatic. The importance of early initiation of breast feeding to prevent hypoglycemia should be emphasized.

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