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With the application of ethylenediamine (EDA) as a solvent, a template, and co-ordination agents, novel photoanode architecture of the cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanoflower (NF)/rutile(R)-TiO 2 nanorod (NR) heterojunction is successfully synthesized using a facile two-step hydrothermal process. The optimized CdS (medium concentration; MC) NF/R-TiO 2 NR heterojunction exhibited a greatly enhanced visible-light photoelectrochemical (PEC) performance, whereby the highest photocurrent density of 3.23 mA cm −2 at 0.1 V versus Ag/AgCl and a photoconversion efficiency (PCE) of 0.46% were achieved under solar light irradiation. The optimal photocurrent density of the CdS (MC) NF/R-TiO 2 NR heterojunction, photoanode is 2.54 times (60.68%) higher than that of the pristine R-TiO 2 NR because of an effective light absorption, an appropriate band-edge position, and the charge separation. Furthermore, the open circuit voltage (V OC ) was shifted from −0.85 V to −1.34 V due to the grafting of the CdS NF onto the R-TiO 2 NR facet; this surface modification reveals the synergistic effect. The optimal CdS (MC) NF/R-TiO 2 NR heterojunction showed a PEC hydrogen (H 2 ) generation of 1007.98 μmol after 3 h. The design of the novel heterojunction photoanode that is proposed in the present strategy can shed light on the fabrication of new, cheap photocatalysts for an effective H 2 generation.

Solar-driven PEC cell is a promising approach to obtain hydrogen with near-zero carbon emission pathway. In this article, PEC cell was reviewed as per growth/synthesis methods. This review provides an overview and a guide for research on PEC cell.