The purpose of the study was to determine the craniotopographic (craniometric) indicators of sinuous-liquor relationships in the horizontal plane in people of the first and second periods of mature age, based on the maximum permissible depth of its introduction. Materials and methods. The object of the study was the dura mater of the brain with its sinuses, the ventricles of the brain and the vault of the skull of mature people. The study was performed on 100 corpses of people of different ages and gender with the manufacturing of native preparations of the brain with membranes and liquor structures. Of the indicated number of morphological objects, 70 preparations of veins and sinuses of the dura mater of the brain and 30 preparations of the cerebrospinal fluid system of the brain of mature people were made. The study used such research methods as: macro- and micropreparation of anatomical objects of the brain; cranio- and morphometry of veins, sinuses of the dura mater of the brain and liquor structures of the brain; manufacturing of corrosive (acrylic) casts – preparations of veins, sinuses of the dura mater of the brain and liquor formations of the brain; injection technique; variational-statistical analysis of morphometric data; computer-graphic analysis. Results and discussion. As a result of the study, it was found that the puncture of the central part of the lateral ventricle is better to be performed at the level of the bregma point, or between this point and the vertex (v). The puncture needle penetrates to a depth of 6.0–7.0 cm through the milling hole, which is displaced by 3.0–4.0 cm from the arrow line at an angle of 70–75°. The obtained data make it possible to determine the most optimal craniometric puncture points of the cerebrospinal fluid system of the brain. To penetrate into the cavity of the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle, the metopion point is proposed, which is located at the intersection of the median plane of the head with the line connecting the most convex areas of the frontal humps. The upper puncture of the lateral ventricle is better to be performed by puncturing at the bregma point (the point of connection of the sagittal and coronal sutures) 2.0 cm from the midline (sagittal plane); the needle is directed down and backwards and at a depth of 5–6 cm (taking into account that it is enlarged and stretched) it enters the ventricular cavity. The suboccipital puncture or a puncture of the cerebellar-cerebral cistern must be performed between the opisthocranion and lambda points. The puncture needle is inserted to a depth of 6.0–7.5 cm, and the end of the needle is gradually lowered to the base of the skull. Conclusion. The most optimal puncture points of the constituent parts of the cerebrospinal fluid system of the brain – the cavity of the anterior horn and the central part of the lateral ventricle, the cavity of the cerebellar-cerebral cistern – were determined using craniometric analysis

In order to determine the individual peculiarity of the shape, size, position and relations of the upper sagittal sinus, depending on the type of structure of the head in adults, craniometry and morphometry of the head sinuses were performed. The most significant venous collector of the brain is the upper sagittal sinus, which is located in the sagittal plane along the ridge of the lattice to the inner occipital projection. This formation is characterized by a triangular shape. The upper wall is formed by the leaves of the convex part of the solid membrane, and the two lateral walls by splitting the sickle of the cerebellum in the parasagittal plane. In adults, the upper wall contacts the inner surface of the parietal and occipital bones of the cranial vault. According to our data, the upper sagittal sinus has a specific range of variability depending on age, sex and head shape. The range of individual variability of the structure of the upper sagittal sinus was determined, which is characterized by the greatest values of length and height in adults, irrespective of gender with dolichomorphic head shape (narrow-headed) and increase in latitudinal parameters in people with meso- and brachymorphic head (middle and wide).

The purpose of the work was to study the microscopic structure of the mucous membrane of all the walls of the frontal sinus of a person in order to obtain morphometric data on its structural components – glands and the submucosal base. Materials and methods. The material for the study was the mucous membrane of the frontal sinus of 110 people who died at the age of 22–86 years from causes not related to the pathology of the paranasal sinuses. Results and discussion. The results of the study showed that the glands in the mucous membranes of all the walls of the frontal sinus are alveolar-tubular in structure. In a morphometric study of such a structural component of the mucous membrane of all the walls of the frontal sinus, as the thickness of the submucosal base, it was shown that the thickest submucosal base is located on the inferior wall (on the left – 423.67 ± 21.33 μm; on the right – 426.45 ± 16.77 μm (p<0.05)) and is four times higher than the average values of thickness on the posterior wall and septum. The outer diameter of the end sections of the glands of septum of the human frontal sinus in a morphometric study averaged 25.42 ± 1.68 μm on the left and 25.89 ± 1.38 μm on the right (p<0.05), that is, the smallest compared to other walls. The values of the average diameter of the end sections of the glands of the mucous membranes of the anterior, inferior, and posterior walls of the frontal sinus probably did not differ between themselves. Conclusion. From the obtained data, it can be clearly seen that the mucous membrane of the inferior wall of the frontal sinus has the greatest functional load, since it has a connection with the nasal cavity in the middle nasal passage. The information obtained in the course of the study significantly expands knowledge about the structure of the human frontal sinus. Digital morphometric (metric) material with statistical processing confirms and complements the differences in the microstructure of the glands of the mucous membrane of the human frontal sinus in general, and separately on each wall, and in comparison with other paranasal sinuses. This is of great importance for modern otorhinolaryngology, since the glands of the mucous membranes of the paranasal sinuses are links of the mucociliary system, and such a process as mucociliary clearance depends on their quality work.

In order to establish the characteristic range of variability of the lateral ventricles and their departments in a person of mature age, depending on the shape, size of the head and sex, a study was conducted on 40 moist preparations of the brain with their maters. In each case, craniometry was performed to determine common indices, and morphometric indices of longitudinal and transverse parameters of all lateral ventricles were established. As a result of the conducted researches the range of individual anatomical variability of linear parameters of parts of lateral ventricles in men and women of mature age is established, which is confirmed by statistical analysis. In men and women with dolichocephalic head shape, the highest values of length of all sections of the lateral ventricles are determined, which is related to the influence of the longitudinal parameters of the head and skull in the representatives of this extreme shape. On the contrary, representatives with a brachycephalic form show an increase in the width of the object, due to the predominance of the transverse parameters at this craniotype.

The aim: To define morphological and immunohistochemical signs of placental disorders of women after syphilitic infection. Materials and methods: The prospective study of 60 pregnant women with history of syphilitic infection (main group) and 57 pregnant patients without syphilis (control group) was conducted. The morphological and immunohistochemical study of the afterbirth was performed. Results: In the placentas of women of the main group the following phenomena were found out: circulatory disorders in the form of hemorrhages into the intervillous space and the stroma of villi; accumulation of fibrinoid around villi with dystrophically altered stroma, compensatory-adaptive reactions resulted in hyperplasia of terminal villi and vessels in them, which provoked narrowing of the intervillous space and disruption of blood supply in it. Pathogenic immune complexes containing Ig G, M and C3 of the complement fraction were located in the central part of the placenta – 45.00% of cases, 16.67% – in the regional, 8.33% – in both parts. Immune complexes with Ig M content occurred in 38.33% of cases. The content of pathogenic immune complexes was the most concentrated in the placentas of women with latent forms and secondary recurrent syphilis – 60.00% of cases. Conclusions: changes in morphohistological and immunohistochemical examination of the placenta of this group of women confirmed the detrimental effect of syphilitic infection in the anamnesis on the structure of placenta during the next pregnancies.