The book presents an overview of the current state of global and Ukrainian energy sector, highlighting trends in energy development and detrimental climate changes, particularly the intensification of global warming. Within the context of fundamental thermophysical engineering, the work proposes scientific and technical measures as well as innovation-oriented technologies aimed at increasing the energy efficiency of energy resource utilization, reducing the emission of harmful substances and greenhouse gases, and providing adaptive measures to climate change in communal energy. Specifically, the text discusses how innovative engineering and construction solutions, low-carbon renewable energy technologies, and intelligent energy supply systems can contribute to energy efficiency in the supply of buildings. The work explores the state and trends of energy development in Ukraine, Europe, and the world at large, including the energy efficiency of primary energy resources and CO2 emissions associated with their energy transformations. The technogenic heat balance of the planet is also discussed. The work examines the dynamics of greenhouse gas emissions, causes and consequences of global climate warming, particularly how dissipative emissions of heat into the environment, in accordance with the second law of thermodynamics, contribute to this phenomenon. Furthermore, the document discusses modeling of the interaction between Ukraine’s electric power industry and communal energy, as well as approaches to balancing the country’s energy system with seasonal energy storage. The text highlights that heat pumps based on environmental energy can be considered emission-free renewable energy sources. Additionally, the work shows the relationship between demographic processes of population growth, primary world energy resource volume, and the increase in global climate temperature. Finally, the text evaluates potential challenges and risks to human development arising from excessive growth in energy comfort of life activities, which is often referred to as the “golden billion population.” The need for a comprehensive discussion of decarbonized or low-carbon energy and global warming is emphasized, and the presentation is intended to be both simple and accessible. The book is aimed at engineers, scientists, and students of higher technical educational institutions, as well as anyone interested in energy and global warming issues.

A brief analysis of the state, problems and external conditions of operation of combined heat and power plants in Ukraine, as well as their changes during hostilities. Issues and proposals for the choice of rational modes of operation of CHP in the conditions of primary fuel shortage, reduction of electrical loads of the energy system, the risk of possible damage to energy equipment during hostilities and in the postwar recovery. It is proposed to develop and implement in the practice of planning the development of survivability criteria of stations with connected district heating systems. References 7, figures 4.

The main features of energy and exergy methods of analysis the energy transformations efficiency in typical heating systems (boilers, electric heating, heat pumps with electric drive) are presented. The equations of energy and exergy balances of systems and their elements are made. Based on them, expressions for calculating efficiency indicators are obtained. The results of calculations and comparison of energy conversion coefficients (COP - Coefficient of Performance) and exergy efficiencies (Exergy Efficiency or Second Low Efficiency) are presented. It is shown that heating systems based on fuel boilers and electric heaters are characterized by high COP values, which does not focus on taking measures to improve them. At the same time, such systems have rather low values of exergetic efficiency. It is shown that exergy efficiency of a typical electric heating system reaches about 3%, and heating based on fuel boilers - about 6,5 %. The analysis of the main reasons of thermodynamic irreversibility in the specified systems is executed. The diagram of changes exergetic efficiency in consecutive elements of a typical heating system on the example of a fuel boiler room is given. It is shown that in a fuel boiler the main irreversibilities occur at the stages of combustion and heat transfer at a large temperature difference. In electric heating systems, the main exergy losses occur during the production of electricity at thermal power plants and during the conversion of electricity into heat in electric heaters. Possibilities and main ways to reduce the thermodynamic irreversibility of the heating system from the steam boiler house during its conversion into a mini - CHP are considered. The analysis of thermodynamic losses in heat pump heating systems is performed. The conditions under which such systems become more energy efficient than systems based on fuel boilers are defined. The reasons for the wide practical application of boilers and electric heating are revealed, despite their low thermodynamic perfection.