The article features an experimental study of thermally thin biomass samples (beech wood particles 17×8×6 mm) pyrolysis in a laboratory scale batch reactor. The reactor was a cylindrical steel body with internal diameter of 200 mm and height of 500 mm. The temperature of a lateral surface of the cylinder during the experiment was being kept constant (550 °C) due to electrical heating. The initial loading of the apparatus was about 4 kg with moisture content of about 14 % by weight. During the experiment, the temperature values of the material being pyrolyzed were recorded at two points of the radial coordinate, viz. at the wall of the apparatus and on its axis. A one-dimensional numerical model of the nonstationary process of biomass conversion (heat and mass transfer in combination with the Avrami – Erofeev reaction model) has been proposed and verified. The reactor is represented as a set of a countable number of cylindrical layers, considered as cells (representative meso-volumes) with an ideal mixing of the properties inside. The cylindrical surfaces that form cells are considered to be isothermal. The size of the cells is chosen to be sufficiently large in comparison with the individual particles of the layer, which makes it possible to consider the temperature field inside the cell volume as monotonic. The evolution of the temperature distribution over the radius of a cylindrical reactor is determined on the basis of a difference approximation of the process of non-stationary thermal conductivity. The calculated forecasts and experimental data showed a good agreement, which indicates the adequacy of the developed mathematical model of pyrolysis and makes it possible to recommend it for engineering calculations of biomass pyrolysis. This model can also be useful in improving the understanding of the basic physical and chemical processes occurring in the conditions of biomass pyrolysis.
ВЛИЯНИЕ ДАВЛЕНИЯ ГАЗОВОЙ СРЕДЫ НА ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ ДРЕВЕСНОГО УГЛЯ В ПРОЦЕССЕ ПИРОЛИЗА РАСТИТЕЛЬНОЙ БИОМАССЫ Аннотация. Приводятся результаты экспериментального исследования влияния давления на образование древесного угля в процессе пиролиза древесины, осуществленного на лабораторном стенде при давлениях 1, 3, 5, 7 атм и температуре 400 °С. В качестве исходного сырья использована березовая древесина в виде щепы размером частиц 17 ç 8 ç 6 мм. Влажность сырья составляла 14,2 мас.%, плотность-506,4 кг/м 3 , зольность-0,23 мас.%. Установлено, что повышение давления от 1 до 7 атм приводит к увеличению выхода древесного угля от ~ 25 мас.% до ~ 32 мас.%. Содержание углерода при этом возрастает от 89,1 до 96,4 мас.%. Также экспериментально исследовано влияние искусственного ухудшения условий выхода летучих компонентов парогазовой смеси из реакционной зоны на образование древесного угля и содержание углерода. Полученные данные позволяют предположить, что ухудшение условия выхода из реакционной зоны летучих компонентов приводит к их разложению с образованием углерода, отлагающегося в порах пиролизуемого материала и на его внешней поверхности. Представлены экспериментальные данные, свидетельствующие о том, что компоненты пиролизной смолы разлагаются в присутствии древесного угля с отложением образующегося углерода на его поверхности. На протекание этого процесса указывает различие в массах одинаковых образцов древесного угля, выдерживаемых при температуре 600 °С при отсутствии и наличии пиролизной смолы: конечная масса образца, выдерживаемого в присутствии пиролизной смолы, превышает массу образца, выдерживаемого при ее отсутствии. Эти результаты дают косвенное доказательство правильности предположения о разложении компонентов пиролизной смолы в порах и на поверхности пиролизуемого материала при задержке выхода продуктов пиролиза из реакционной зоны. Результаты настоящего исследования представляют интерес для специалистов, разрабатывающих пиролизное оборудование. Ключевые слова: пиролиз, давление, древесный уголь, содержание углерода, вторичные процессы Для цитирования: Влияние давления газовой среды на образование древесного угля в процессе пиролиза растительной биомассы / С. В. Василевич [и др.] // Вес. Нац. акад. навук Беларусі.
The paper discusses the results of an experimental study of the thermal decomposition of pyrolytic wood tar in a homogeneous process, as well as in the presence of a number of mineral substances: potassium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, monopotassium phosphate and the mineral residue of the production of potassium salts. The experiments were carried out on a laboratory setup under isothermal conditions at temperatures of 300, 350, and 400 °C by two methods providing two-phase and three-phase contact with the catalyst, respectively. It has been established that the rate of decomposition of pyrolysis tar under the studied conditions obeys the laws described by the Avrami–Erofeev equation with a variable exponent n. The area of change of this indicator in various experiments includes values from 0.415 to 1.238. The mean n value calculated for all study options was 0.694 (95 % CI 0.605 to 0.783), and the median value was 0.639. It has been found that the decomposition rate of the pyrolysis tar increases when MOX particles, potassium sulfate, and magnesium sulfate are introduced into the reaction zone. No effect of monopotassium phosphate on the rate of decomposition of the pyrolysis tar was not found. It is shown that in the case of tailings of potassium salts production an increase in the rate of decomposition of pyrolysis tar is due to the catalytic effect of this substance. The most likely reason for the positive effect of potassium sulfate, as well as magnesium sulfate on the rate of decomposition of pyrolysis tar, is apparently also the catalytic effect of these substances. The Arrhenius parameters of the homogeneous process of thermal decomposition of the pyrolysis tar and the decomposition process in the presence of tailings of potassium salts production, as well as potassium and magnesium sulfates, were determined. According to the data obtained, the activation energy of the homogeneous process was 29.6 kJ/mol, and the pre-exponential factor was 3.15·101 min–1, respectively. The Arrhenius parameters of the decomposition of pyrolysis tar in the presence of tailings of potassium salts production, according to the data of the performed studies, were 23.0 kJ/mol and 1.82·101 min–1. The paper also determined the Arrhenius parameters of the decomposition of pyrolysis tar in the presence of K2SO4 and MgSO4. According to estimates, the activation energy in the presence of these substances was about 50–60 kJ/mol. The research results presented in the article can be used in the design of heat generating equipment, which includes a system for cleaning products of thermochemical conversion of vegetable raw materials.
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