Abstractopening wedge high tibial osteotomy (oWHto) is a surgical procedure that aims to correct the weight-bearing axis of the knee, moving the loads laterally from the medial compartment. Conventional indications for oWHto are medial compartment osteoarthritis and varus malalignment of the knee; recently oWHto has been used successfully in the treatment of double and triple varus. oWHto, in contrast to closing wedge high tibial osteotomy, does not require fibular osteotomy or peroneal nerve dissection, or lead to disruption of the proximal tibiofibular joint and bone stock loss. For these reasons, interest in this procedure has grown in recent years. the aim of this study is to review the literature on oWHto, considering indications and prognostic factors (body mass index, grade of osteoarthritis, instability, range of movement and age), outcomes at midterm follow-up, and limits of the procedure (slope modifications, patellar height changes and difficulties in conversion to a total knee arthroplasty).Keywords: high tibial osteotomy, knee, osteoarthritis, opening wedge, prognostic factors. IntroductionHigh tibial osteotomy (Hto) is a widely accepted procedure for treating varus alignment of the knee associated with medial compartment overload/osteoarthritis (oA). the purpose of the procedure, which may be a medial opening wedge, lateral closing wedge, dome or "en chevron" osteotomy, is to shift the mechanical axis of the lower limb from the medial to the lateral compartment, thereby reducing the load and contact area over the medial compartment. the first references to Hto date back to 1961 (1); for a long time, closing wedge high tibial osteotomy (CWHto) was the gold standard of treatment in this field. Consequently, there exist numerous studies dealing with aspects (survival and complications) of CWHto. CWHto involves fibular osteotomy, common peroneal nerve dissection, proximal tibiofibular joint disruption, and bone stock loss (2, 3). Furthermore, with this procedure it is difficult to obtain gradual correction of the axis. For these reasons, opening wedge high tibial osteotomy (oWHto) has been gaining popularity in recent years. Moreover, oWHto allows for better tuning of the osteotomy as well as triplanar and gradual correction. the literature of recent years therefore contains various papers on different aspects of oWHto: indications, surgical technique, limits and results. the aim of this study is to review the literature on oWHto, considering indications and prognostic factors, outcomes and limits of the procedure. IndicationsCorrect patient selection is mandatory for achieving good results with oWHto (4, 5). According to the literature, the factors that could influence the prognosis are: age, body mass index (BMi), grade of oA, range of motion (RoM), and associated instability. in order to gain a better understanding of the correct indications for oWHto, we have reviewed each of these factors as examined in the most recent literature.

The study shows good clinical and functional outcomes in children and adolescents with closed isolated fractures of the humeral shaft surgically treated by ESIN, even with ensuing mild residual frontal and sagittal plane deformity. However, conservative treatment has also been advocated in the scientific literature for this type of injuries, and surgical treatment should not be considered as the only option for the management of humeral shaft fractures in older children and adolescents.

The PB of the MCL has a primary role in elbow stability against valgus stress, and it prevents elbow posterior dislocation at all flexion angles. The described reconstruction technique should reduce the risk of residual PMRI.

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Radial head represents a secondary elbow stabilizer for varus-valgus and postero-lateral stress. In complex fractures, that cannot be synthesized, the presence of associated ligament injuries makes radial head replacement necessary to restore elbow stability. This study evaluates how the elbow responds to a prosthetic removal after a complex injury repair.