Schulenburg [15] first proposed the idea to model different trader types by supplying different input information sets to a group of homogenous LCS agent. Gershoff [12] investigated this idea further with XCS agent. This paper takes an extra step to build a trading system that not only adopts the multi-XCS agent idea, but also utilizes knowledge from discretization theory, modern portfolio theory, options theory and methods of combining multiple models. In comparison to previous work, a wider range of input data were used including technical analysis, general market conditions and options market conditions. Secondly, quantization of continuous financial series was achieved using entropy-based discretization and histogram equalization. Thirdly, subtle investment strategies can now be generated as a result of taking stock price magnitude into account. Finally, multiple agents' predictions were combined using a variant of stacking. Empirical results show the best-performing XCS agents always outclass benchmark agents in every stock examined. Variance is reduced after combining predictions from multiple models. The technical analysis XCS agent was able to replicate a well known technical trading rule widely used in the 60s.

Breech presentation, i.e. the abnormal lie of a foetus longitudinally with the buttocks closest to the mother’s cervix, is a common issue affecting up to 5% of women during delivery resulting in poor outcomes such as traumatic labour, infection and increased neonatal mortality. Currently, abdominal palpation is the screening method of choice for breech presentation; however, 15,000 breech presentations remain undiagnosed across England annually. While routine ultrasonography has been suggested, its cost-effectiveness and scalability remain concerning, especially in low/middle-income countries. Various algorithms have been applied to maternal trans-abdominal ECGs to obtain foetal ECGs, but current applications only allow heart rates, congenital heart defects, hypoxia, and foetal distress to be identified. The use of ECG is proposed to determine foetal position as breech foetuses tend to display QRS complexes in a similar pattern to the maternal trace, whereas cephalic foetuses would demonstrate inverted QRS complexes. ECGs are cost-effective, safe and do not require highly skilled technicians to operate, which makes it an ideal starting platform for the development of a device with high sensitivity and reasonable diagnostic speeds to identify breech foetuses. Future considerations include the use of artificial intelligence to increase diagnostic accuracy and development of a patient-facing mobile application.