Summary According to the current seismic codes, structures are designed to resist the first damaging earthquake during their service life. However, after a strong main shock, a structure may still face damaging aftershocks. The main shock‐aftershock sequence may result in major damage and eventually the collapse of a structure. Current studies on seismic hazard mainly focus on the modeling and simulation of main shocks. This paper proposes a 3‐step procedure to generate main shock‐aftershock sequences of pairs of horizontal components of a ground motion at a site of interest. The first step generates ground motions for the main shock using either a source‐based or site‐based model. The second step generates sequences of aftershocks' magnitudes, locations, and times of occurrence using either a fault‐based or seismicity‐based model. The third step simulates pairs of ground motion components using a new empirical model proposed in this paper. We develop prediction equations for the controlling parameters of a ground motion model, where the predictors are the site condition and the aftershock characteristics from the second step. The coefficients in the prediction equations and the correlation between the model parameters (of the 2 horizontal components of 1 record and of several records in 1 sequence) are estimated using a database of aftershock accelerograms. A backward stepwise deletion method is used to simplify the initial candidate prediction equations and avoid overfitting the data. The procedure, based on easily identifiable engineering parameters, is a useful tool to incorporate effects of aftershocks into seismic analysis and design.

We have applied the Shockley-Read-Hall (SRH) model for the generation and recombination of charged carriers to biological ion channels. We show how to include this important effect in the traditional PNP model. The idea is to use the software of computational electronics that has been developed to solve Shockley's equations. In particular we have used the simulator PROPHET to simulate biological ion channels and to include particle like properties and dynamics such as the capture and release of ions. The considerable reduction of effective diffusion coefficients can be well simulated. The saturation effect observed in current-concentration curves, which is not predicted by the conventional PNP model, has been successfully reproduced in our simulation. We also show that PROPHET can be used to perform both steady state and time dependent simulations for ion channels. The timescale can be microseconds, far beyond the range of molecular dynamics simulations. Our results demonstrate the useful role of PROPHET simulations in a multi-scale simulation approach.

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