have led to increased business support for acquisition and processing of high-quality seismic for field development. The relatively thin, stacked reservoirs discovered at Holstein Field, which contain significant recoverable hydrocarbon volumes (350 million boe), posed a challenge for development planning.In this article we review our experience with acquiring and processing a high-density seismic survey to improve understanding of these reservoirs and optimize well placement. We discuss the challenges and lessons learned through the full cycle of the project focusing on issues related to planning and acquiring a high-resolution development survey that will also serve as a 4D baseline, multiples, time processing, and wave equation depth migration. This survey has proven its value at Holstein and the lessons learned are useful for others proposing or planning high-density surveys in any seismic environment.

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Thousands of pulp mill chemicals have been released into the aquatic environment. Some of them may cause flocculation and deposition of an organic matrix and incoming suspended sediments downstream of pulp mills in rivers, and may have adverse impacts on aquatic ecosystems. Therefore, it is important to identify the chemicals inducing coagulation and flocculation in river water. This assists in understanding the mechanism for its formation, and will improve the transport models by including the effect of flocculation. Presented is the effect of pulp mill effluent related cationic ions and organic polymers on flocculation in river water. The experimental results show that Na+, Ca2+, fibers, hydrolytic lignin, protein, sucrose, cellulose and starch can induce flocculation in river water.

A UNOX wastewater treatment facility in a Dow Chemical site has experienced major operational challenges as a result of a microorganism producing copious amounts of slime in the activated sludge flocs believed to be involved in viscous bulking. Viscous bulking within the clarifying basin causes the rake arms to freeze due to high sheer stress, resulting from poor compaction and increased water retention in the waste sludge. In 2005, this resulted in limiting site production to maintain discharge compliance.In order to elucidate the enriched biopolymer from the activated sludge at the UNOX waste water treatment facility several analytical methods were developed and implemented to determine the composition of the biopolymer. Four samples of enriched biopolymer from the activated sludge were analyzed to determine: protein content, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) content, and polysaccharide content and composition. Protein content was determined by a combination of Bradford protein assay and sodium dodecyl-sulfate polyacrylamide gelelectrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Total protein content in the samples was estimated by Bradford assay to be between ~5 to 11% of total sample dry mass. DNA content was determined by a combination of UV spectroscopy and OliGreen fluorescent assay. Total DNA content was determined to be between ~2 to ~4% of total sample dry mass by UV absorption and OliGreen assays. Polysaccharide content and composition was determined by a combination of capillary electrophoresis -laser induced fluorescence (CE-LIF), gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). CE-LIF analysis resulted in estimated total monosaccharide content of ~60-74% of total sample dry mass. In addition, CE-LIF revealed the presence of the following monosaccharides: Arabinose (Ara; 4.2%), Galactose (Gal; 2.0%), Glucose (Glc; 14.3%), Nacetyl-galactosamine (GalNAc; 23.3%), N-acetyl-glucosamine (GlcNAc; 5.2%), Glucuronic acid (GlcUA; 24.2%), Mannose (Man; 2.4%), Rhamnose (Rha; 2.4%), Xylose (Xyl; 12.4%). The CE-LIF monosaccharide profiles for four samples were similar to each other, indicating a similar monosaccharide composition of the bacterial polysaccharide. Within the monosaccharide pool, GalNAc and GlcUA were predominant components. GC/MS and MALDI-TOF MS analysis on 447-1 sample corroborated the CE-LIF results. The summation of determined amounts of protein, DNA, and carbohydrate resulted in ~75-83% total sample mass coverage. 2442 WEFTEC®.07

Greywater reclamation is generally recognized as a viable solution to mitigate the challenges caused by water scarcity, increasing wastewater production, and increasingly stringent wastewater discharge permits. Biological processes may provide lower capital and operating costs, and less sludge production, than comparable physicochemical processes. This paper provides a general overview of the biological treatment processes currently available for greywater reclamation, including: rotating biological contactors, sequencing batch reactors, anaerobic sludge blanket bioreactors, constructed wetlands, membrane bioreactors, and hybrid membrane bioreactors. The advantages, disadvantages, and limitations of each of these technologies were examined in detail. The challenges of using reclaimed greywater were also examined in relation to the long-term sustainability of greywater reclamation. On balance, membrane-based processes were found to be among the most promising technologies for decentralized greywater reclamation, due largely to the quality of their treated water and compact size.