The major cell classes of the brain differ in their developmental processes, metabolism, signaling, and function. To better understand the functions and interactions of the cell types that comprise these classes, we acutely purified representative populations of neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocyte precursor cells, newly formed oligodendrocytes, myelinating oligodendrocytes, microglia, endothelial cells, and pericytes from mouse cerebral cortex. We generated a transcriptome database for these eight cell types by RNA sequencing and used a sensitive algorithm to detect alternative splicing events in each cell type. Bioinformatic analyses identified thousands of new cell type-enriched genes and splicing isoforms that will provide novel markers for cell identification, tools for genetic manipulation, and insights into the biology of the brain. For example, our data provide clues as to how neurons and astrocytes differ in their ability to dynamically regulate glycolytic flux and lactate generation attributable to unique splicing of PKM2, the gene encoding the glycolytic enzyme pyruvate kinase. This dataset will provide a powerful new resource for understanding the development and function of the brain. To ensure the widespread distribution of these datasets, we have created a user-friendly website (http://web.stanford.edu/group/barres_lab/ brain_rnaseq.html) that provides a platform for analyzing and comparing transciption and alternative splicing profiles for various cell classes in the brain.

Among transition metal oxides, tungsten oxides (WO 3±d )are of great interest and have been investigated extensively owing to their promising physical and chemical properties.[1±6] With outstanding electrochromic, optochromic, and gaschromic properties, tungsten oxides have been used to construct flatpanel displays, photoelectrochromic ªsmartº windows, optical modulation devices, write±read±erase optical devices, gas sensors, humidity and temperature sensors, and so forth.[1±5]Recently, some non-stoichiometric tungsten oxides have attracted considerable attention for their interesting electronic properties, especially superconductivity and charge-carrying abilities. [7] It is well known that nanostructures have unique chemical and physical properties and can be used as elementary units of optoelectronic devices.[8±10] The synthesis of one-dimensional (1D) nanostructures and the assembly of these nanometer-scale building blocks to form ordered superstructures or complex functional architectures offer great opportunities for exploring their novel properties and for the fabrication of nanodevices.[11±13] Thus far, several techniques for the preparation of 1D tungsten oxide nanostructures have been developed. [6,14±17] Although the synthesis of tungsten oxide ªmicro-treesº has been reported, [18] the growth of tungsten oxide nanowire networks remains challenging. In this paper we have successfully synthesized three-dimensional (3D) tungsten oxide nanowire networks using a thermal evaporation approach. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) investigation indicates that the WO 3±d nanowires have a cubic structure; this is confirmed by X-ray diffraction results (see Supporting Information). Growth along the six equivalent á100ñ directions forms an intersectant 3D network structure. The mechanism that drives such growth is suggested to be the existence of ordered planar oxygen vacancies in the (100) and (001) planes parallel to the [010] growth direction. Field-emission characteristics of these nanowire networks have also been measured. The tungsten oxide nanowire networks were synthesized by the thermal evaporation of W powders in the presence of oxygen. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images in Figure 1 show the typical morphology of the as-synthesized products. The high yield of the nanowire networks can be observed from the low-magnification SEM image in Figure 1a. The high-magnification SEM image in Figure 1b clearly demonstrates the shape of the 3D nanowire network. The 3D network is constructed of nanowires with widths ranging from 10 to 180 nm. The WO 3±d nanowires show a polygonal shape and intercross with each other to form the 3D network. The branches are along three perpendicular directions. Notably, there is no obvious stem in the network, making this structure different from previously reported networks and tree-like nanostructures. [11,13,18] Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) indicates the exclusive presence of W and O in the sample. Figure 2a shows a typical TEM image of a broken WO 3±d n...

Pathology to vertebrate hosts has emerged repeatedly in the order Ophiostomatales. Occasional infections have been observed in Sporothrix mexicana at a low level of virulence, while the main pathogenic species cluster in a derived clade around S. schenckii s.str. In this paper, phylogeny and epidemiology of the members of this clade were investigated for 99 clinical and 36 environmental strains using four genetic loci, viz. rDNA ITS and partial CAL, TEF1, and TEF3; data are compared with amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) genotyping. The four main species of the pathogenic clade were recognised. The species proved to show high degrees of endemicity, which enabled interpretation of literature data where live material or genetic information is lacking. The clade of four species comprised nine subclusters, which often had limited geographic distribution and were separate from each other in all partitions, suggesting low degrees of interbreeding between populations. In contrast, S. globosa exhibited consistent global distribution of identical AFLP types, suggesting another type of dispersal. Sporothrix brasiliensis is known to be involved in an expanding zoonosis and transmitted by cats, whereas S. globosa infections originated from putrid plant material, causing a sapronosis. Sporothrix schenckii s.str., the most variable species within the clade, also had a plant origin, with ecological similarities to that of S. globosa. A hypothesis was put forward that highly specific conditions in the plant material are required to promote the growth of Sporothrix. Fermented, self-heated plant debris may stimulate the thermodependent yeast-like invasive form of the fungus, which facilitates repeated infection of mammals.

Three-dimensional ͑3D͒ tungsten oxide nanowire networks have been demonstrated as a high-surface area material for building ultrasensitive and highly selective gas sensors. Utilizing the 3D hierarchical structure of the networks, high sensitivity has been obtained towards NO 2 , revealing the capability of the material to detect concentration as low as 50 ppb ͑parts per billion͒. The distinctive selectivity at different working temperatures is observed for various gases. The results highlight that the nanobelts ͑nanowires͒ technology can be adopted for the development of gas sensors with performances suitable for practical applications.

Large-area, quasialigned nanotips of tungsten oxide have been grown by a two-step high-temperature, catalyst-free, physical evaporation deposition process. The tungsten oxide nanotips are single crystalline with growth direction of ͓010͔. The tungsten oxide nanotips exhibit excellent field-emission properties with a low threshold field ͑for an emission current density of 10 mA/ cm 2 ͒ ϳ4.37 MV/ m and uniform emission from the entire arrays, as well as high time stability. These results make tungsten oxide nanotip arrays a competitive candidate for field-emission displays.