Implanted medical devices are very important electronic devices because of their usefulness in monitoring and diagnosis, safety and comfort for patients. Since 1950s, remarkable efforts have been undertaken for the development of bio-medical implanted and wireless telemetry bio-devices. Issues such as design of suitable modulation methods, use of power and monitoring devices, transfer energy from external to internal parts with high efficiency and high data rates and low power consumption all play an important role in the development of implantable devices. This paper provides a comprehensive survey on various modulation and demodulation techniques such as amplitude shift keying (ASK), frequency shift keying (FSK) and phase shift keying (PSK) of the existing wireless implanted devices. The details of specifications, including carrier frequency, CMOS size, data rate, power consumption and supply, chip area and application of the various modulation schemes of the implanted devices are investigated and summarized in the tables along with the corresponding key references. Current challenges and problems of the typical modulation applications of these technologies are illustrated with a brief suggestions and discussion for the progress of implanted device research in the future. It is observed that the prime requisites for the good quality of the implanted devices and their reliability are the energy transformation, data rate, CMOS size, power consumption and operation frequency. This review will hopefully lead to increasing efforts towards the development of low powered, high efficient, high data rate and reliable implanted devices.

Human motion detection, classification, and perceiving, the dynamics of moving objects in the environment, are crucial in many applications. Many sensors have been used to this detection; the radar represents one of the promising sensors. Kalman filter (KF) and convolutional neural network (CNN) represents a powerful tool for estimation and classification respectively. In this paper, a combination between the KF and CNN have been proposed to detect and classify human behavior. This proposal presents two important points, the precise features map from the combination of Kalman Filter and CNN, as well as the use of the radar, which is working under all circumstances and does not break the privacy. Twenty different experiments with three scenarios for different motion with and without glass wall have been studied, and they are classified. The results show that the overperform of the proposed algorithm and the classification accuracy can reach 98.7%. This advancement of the proposed algorithm depends on the efficient Wigner-Ville short time Fourier transform (STFT) which is used as a feature extractor and make Range-Doppler (RD) map.

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Use of transcutaneous inductive links is a widely known method for the wireless powering of bio-implanted devices such as implanted microsystems. The design of the coil for inductive links is generally not optimal. In this study, inductive links were used on the basis of the small loop antenna theory to reduce the effects of lateral coil misalignments on the biological human tissue model at 13.56 MHz. The tissue, which measures 60 mm×70 mm×5 mm, separates the reader and the implanted coils. The aligned coils and the lateral misalignment coils were investigated in different parametric x-distance misalignments. The optimal coil layout was developed on the basis of the layout rules presented in previous studies. Results show that the gain around the coils, which were separated by wet and dry skin, was constant and confirmed the omnidirectional radiation pattern even though the lateral misalignment between coils was smaller or greater than the implanted coil radius. This misalignment can be <4 mm or >6 mm up to 8 mm. Moreover, coil misalignments and skin condition do not affect the efficient performance of the coil.

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