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The liver diseases like cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma are mainly caused by the Hepatitis B and hepatitis C viruses. The present study is designed to assess the frequency and transmission of (HBV) and (HCV) among the local population of district Swabi. A preliminary study was conducted from 1 st January to 31 st May 2016. The study revealed that the ratio of Hepatitis B and C in the local population was found 103 (34 %) and 199 (66 %) respectively. Out of 143 males, 37 (26 %) were infected by HBV while the remaining 106 (74%) were infected by HCV. 66 (42%), out of 159 infected females were infected by HBV while the remaining 93 (58%) were infected by HCV. In the local population, the transfusion of blood from an infected person and unhygienic practices during surgery and medical treatment are the main causes of hepatitis. It is suggested to implement high care on the occasion of surgery, injection, and blood transfusion. Furthermore, awareness campaigns regarding blood transmission and health hazards of Hepatitis should be launched for the population.Novelty Statement | The study indicates first observations of Hepatitis B and C infections from District Swabi. It represented that the rate of disease is quite high in the district and proper control is required for the prevention.

Industrial effluents result in water pollution and affect the biological activity of aquatic and terrestrial life. In this study, efficient fungal strains were isolated from the aquatic environment and identified as Aspergillus fumigatus (SN8c) and Aspergillus terreus (SN40b). The isolates were selected based on their potential to efficiently decolorize and detoxify Remazol brilliant blue (RBB) dye, which is extensively used in different industries. Initially, a total of 70 different fungal isolates were screened. Among these, 19 isolates demonstrated dye decolorization capabilities, and SN8c and SN40b revealed the highest decolorization capabilities in liquid medium. The maximum estimated decolorization for SN8c was 91.3% and for SN40b, 84.5% at 40 mg/L of RBB dye in the presence of glucose (1 gm/L), after 5 days of incubation at different levels of pH, temperature, nutrient source, and concentration. RBB dye decolorization using SN8c and SN40b isolates was at a maximum of 99% at pH 3–5, whereas minimum decolorization was recorded as 71.29% and 73.4% SN8c, respectively, at pH 11. The maximum decolorization of the dye was 93% and 90.9% in a defined glucose concentration of 1 gm/L, and a 63.01% decrease was recorded in the decolorization activity at a low level of glucose concentration (0.2 gm/L). Finally, the decolorization and degradation were detected using UV spectrometry and HPLC. Toxicity tests of pure dye and treated dye samples were checked against the seed germination of different plants and the larvae mortality of Artemia salina. This study revealed that indigenous aquatic fungal flora can recover contaminated sites and support aquatic and terrestrial life.

The current review focused on Diabetes mellitus (DM), a Non-communicable disease (NCDs) which is the prominent cause of death. Diabetes mellitus has mainly two types, Type 1 diabetes mellitus is known as IDDM while Type 2 diabetes mellitus is known as NIDDM. About 5-10% of the diabetes patients have identified type 1 while 90-95% of the diabetes patients have identified type 2. Diabetes mellitus are the 4 th death causing disease, having 1.5 million motility rates annually. Diabetes is the main public health challenge in developed and developing countries that comprised in non-transmissible diseases. It is associated with other maladies like Obesity, Heart Failure, Obstructive Sleep Apnoea, Behaviour changes, and Depression which may lead to death. Depression is one of the foremost imperative community fitness problems that are regularly comorbid with diabetes. It has been concluded that people suffering from diabetes have major effect on their existences, nutrition, physical and mental activity.