Pembangunan sesebuah negara tidak hanya diukur melalui aspek mekanikal yang ditentukan oleh kemampuan membina bangunan pencakar langit semata-mata, tetapi juga aspek organik yang dilambangkan melalui sikap, literasi dan kefahaman masyarakatnya terhadap setiap isu yang dihadapi. Oleh itu, hasrat Malaysia untuk mencapai negara maju menjelang tahun 2020 yang tampaknnya terpaksa ditunda tidak hanya ditandai dengan berdirinya bangunan-bangunan raksasa tadi, malahan juga keberadaan masyarakat yang dibentuk untuk berfikiran kritis. Usaha tersebut yang merupakan matlamat tanpa akhir Malaysia sehingga kini dianggap sebagai 'duri dalam daging' kerana sistem berfikir masyarakatnya lebih banyak ditentukan oleh unsur 'perasaan' berbanding 'rasional'. Perkara ini akhirnya menjadi perdebatan dalam kalangan saintis sosial tentang pengaruhnya dalam menentukan arah perjalanan Malaysia pada masa hadapan khususnya pada setiap kali Pilihan Raya Umum (PRU) diadakan. Bersandarkan kepercayaan bahawa 'rakyat adalah raja', maka sekali lagi persoalan tersebut berusaha difahami dengan melihat pengaruh sentimen primodial dan kesedaran politik dalam membentuk pola sokongan masyarakat khususnya di negeri Sabah yang dianggap sebagai fixed deposit Barisan Nasional (BN). Usaha ini direalisasikan dengan mengedarkan sebanyak lapan ribu borang soal selidik mencakupi kawasan pedalaman, luar bandar dan bandar bagi mendapatkan gambaran orientasi geopolitik bersifat keetnikan kerana merangkumi kawasan bumiputera dan bukan bumiputera serta merentasi batas agama. Hasil dapatan kajian mendapati pengaruh sentimen primodial semakin terhakis sifatnya dalam menentukan pola pengundian menjelang PRU-14, sedangkan persoalan kesedaran politik pula semakin mendapat tempat yang sepatutnya disebabkan proses globalisasi, kemajuan teknologi dan pengantian generasi. Abstract The development of a nation is not only measured by the mechanical aspect that determined by the ability to build the skyscrapers alone, furthermore, but the organic aspects are also symbolized through attitudes, literacy and understanding of an issue. Therefore, Malaysia's aspiration to achieve a developed nation by the year 2020, seems to have been postponed regardless of a marked by the exists of these 'giant' buildings, instead of the existing critical thinking of the community. The endeavour, which is Malaysia's endless goal, is now regarded as 'thorn in meat' because the way of thinking among the society is determined by the 'feeling' rather than a 'rational' approach. This is ultimately a debate among social scientists toward an influence of the future direction of Malaysia's vision especially every general election is held. The belief that ‘the people are the kings', once again raised an issue of understanding and influences about the primordial sentiment and political awareness to form a pattern for supporting community especially for the state of Sabah which is considered a fixed deposit of the Barisan Nasional. To conceptualization the issues, an effort has been taken by distributing a total of eight thousand questionnaires that included rural and urban areas, in order to see the geopolitical orientation of ethnicity as it encompasses indigenous and Non-Bumiputera areas, as well as across religious boundaries. The findings of this research show that the influence of the 'primordial sentiment' has been eroded in determining the pattern of polling in the GE-14, whereas the 'political awareness' group were increasingly accepted due to the process of globalization, the advanced of technology and the new generation.
Dalam konteks Malaysia, umumnya persoalan politik berbaur keetnikan sering kali berfokus kepada Melayu, Cina dan India. Hal ini barang kali dipengaruhi oleh latar belakang sejarah negara terkait dengan pengisytiharan kemerdekaan pada 31 Ogos 1957 yang diperoleh hasil daripada kesepakatan bersama ketiga-tiga etnik ini di bawah payung Parti Perikatan. Kesepakatan bersama etnik ini berterusan sehinggalah Sabah dan Sarawak bersama-sama Persekutuan Tanah Melayu membentuk Malaysia pada 16 September 1963. Hakikat sejarah yang menyaksikan perkongsian beberapa peristiwa besar negara inilah yang adakalanya dari sisi lain membuatkan dimensi pemikiran kelompok akademik mahupun bukan akademik menjadi sempit dan terkongkong sifatnya. Natijahnya, dimensi kajian politik negara khususnya yang berkenaan politik etnik sering kali dihujani penulisan dengan memfokuskan Melayu, Cina dan India sebagai subjek kajian khususnya menjelang pilihan raya umum. Agak jarang diketengahkan etnik lain khususnya di Sabah dan Sarawak yang sebenarnya juga memainkan peranan yang sangat signifikan dalam menentukan hala tuju politik negara. Salah satunya adalah komuniti Bugis di pantai timur Sabah yang sungguhpun berdasarkan latar sejarah Sabah keterlibatannya dalam arena politik negeri Sabah khususnya bagi Parlimen Kalabakan menjelang PRU-14 adalah jelas, namun jarang sekali dijadikan subjek kajian dan sering kali dikebelakangkan. Menyedari kekurangan tersebut, maka makalah ini hadir untuk mengetengahkan peranan dan keberadaan komuniti Bugis di Sabah khususnya dalam konteks politik Sabah khasnya di pantai timur. Dalam memahami realiti ini, metode yang digunakan bagi mendapatkan maklumat dan data adalah menerusi temu bual secara langsung dengan responden yang terlibat, yang terdiri daripada pimpinan politik di barisan kerajaan mahupun pembangkang. AbstractIn the context of Malaysia, the politics of ethnic diversity often focus on Malays, Chinese and Indians. This is probably influenced by the historical background of the country concerned with the declaration of independence on August 31, 1957 which was obtained by the agreement of these three ethnic groups under the Alliance Party umbrella. This ethnic collective agreement continued until Sabah and Sarawak together with the Federation of Malaya formed Malaysia on 16 September 1963. The historical fact of witnessing the sharing of some of the major events of the country is that sometimes from the other side of the minds of academic or non-academic groups sometimes become narrow and tangled its nature. As a result, the dimensions of national political studies, especially on ethnic politics are often bombarded by writing focusing on Malay, Chinese and Indian as subjects especially in the run-up to the general elections. It is rarely highlighted by other ethnicities, especially in Sabah and Sarawak which also play a very significant role in determining the country's political direction. One of them is the Bugis community on the east coast of Sabah, which is based on Sabah's historical background that its involvement in Sabah's political arena, especially for the Kalabakan parliament by the GE-14 which is rarely studied. Recognizing the caps, this paper is to highlight the role and existence of Bugis communities in Sabah especially in the context of Sabah politics, especially the east coast. In understanding this reality the method used to obtain information and data is through direct interviews of respondents involved in the political leadership of the government or opposition.
Keinginan manusia untuk mengungkapkan kembali masa lalu dalam upaya memahami masa lalu tersebut bukanlah suatu perkara baru. Keadaan ini disebabkan, keberadaan masa lalu hanya dapat diungkapkan melalui pengumpulan sumber sejarah. Dalam hal ini, sumber memainkan peranan penting untuk menjelaskan berkenaan sesuatu peristiwa berdasarkan penemuan daripada sumber sejarah. Keberadaan sumber sejarah akan memungkinkan sejarawan menghasilkan penulisan yang tepat dan lebih objektif sifatnya. Oleh sebab itu, sejarawan harus mencari, mengumpul dan memastikan sumbernya kerana dengan sumber sejarawan berharap dan dengan sumber juga sejarawan mendapatkan fakta untuk menghasilkan penulisannya. Kebergantungan sejarawan kepada sumber dalam menghasilkan penulisannya dapat diperhatikan apabila telusuran terhadap perkembangan politik awal Sabah selepas Perang Dunia Kedua diperhatikan keberadaannya. Ternyata, tempoh masa terbabit adalah kesenjangan nyata dalam memahami dan mengungkapkan kembali perkembangan politik awal di Sabah sehinggakan timbul kenyataan daripada sarjana Barat bahawa selepas Perang Dunia merupakan zaman ketandusan politik masyarakatnya. Walau bagaimanapun, tesis ini tampaknya dapat direkonstruksi semula bersandarkan kepada surat peribadi Zakaria Gunn yang membuktikan bahawa sudah terdapat penentangan secara berorganisasi dalam kalangan masyarakat Sabah yang terpengaruh dengan perkembangan politik di Tanah Melayu dan Brunei untuk memerdekakan negeri mereka daripada British. Justeru itu, artikel ini akan mengangkat kepentingan sumber dalam mengungkapkan masa lalu khususnya perkembangan politik awal Sabah selepas Perang Dunia Kedua. The human desire to recapitulate the past as an effort to understand what took place in the past is not a new phenomenon. This is because the existence of history can only be depicted through amassing various historical resources. In this context, the resources play pertinent roles in explaining events based on finding from historical resources. Consequently, the existence of historical resources will enable historians to produce writings that are both accurate and objective. The historians must therefore seek, collect and validate the source of information because only by doing so, they will gather accurate facts for writings. The dependency of historians on historical resources can be observed through the effort to unravel early political development of Sabah after the Second World War. What is apparent is that the particular period is indeed a conspicuous lacuna in understanding and recounting the initial political event of Sabah as such that the Western scholar claimed that the period after Second World War was a period of barrenness in the politics of the society. However, it seems that this thesis can be reconstructed again based on a collection of Zakaria Gunn’s letters that proves that there has been an organised resistance among Sabahans who were influenced by political development in Malaya and Brunei to liberate their state from the British. Therefore, this article aims to highlight the importance of historic resources to recapitulate past occurrences particularly the early political development of Sabah after the Second World War.
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