Aim:The aim was to determine serum vitamin D levels in breast cancer patients and to assess its risk association with grade and stage of the tumor.Materials and Methods:Ninety breast cancer patients and equal number of age-matched healthy females were recruited into the study by consecutive sampling over a period of 6 months for this case control study. Serum 25(OH)2D levels and CT bone mineral density was done.Results:The mean age was 46±1.5 years. Age, marital status, menopausal, residential area, parda observing status, and body mass index were similar in distribution among cases and controls. The mean serum vitamin D level in the breast cancer patients was 9.3 ng/ml and in the control group was 14.9 ng/ml (P value <0.001). Vitamin D deficiency was seen in 95.6% (86) breast cancer patients and in 77% (69) of the control group (P value <0.001). Among the breast cancer patients the tumor characteristics (histology, grade, stage, and receptor status) did not show any significant associations with serum levels of vitamin D. Premenopausal breast cancer females had a mean serum vitamin D level of 10.5 ng/ml and postmenopausal females had a mean value of 13.5 ng/ml (P value 0.015). Low BMD did not correlate significantly with vitamin D deficiency (P value 0.787).Conclusion:Invariably almost all patients with breast cancer were vitamin D deficient. Tumor characteristics did not show any significant associations with serum levels of vitamin D. Bone mineral density did not correlate significantly with vitamin D deficiency.

The present study describes the optimization of nutritional and cultural parameters for the production of alkaline protease by Bacillus subtilis under solid state conditions. Among cultural conditions, incubation temperature, incubation period and moisture level of the substrate were optimized and it was found that maximum production of alkaline protease was observed at 37°C and moisture to substrate ratio of 1:1 after 48 h of incubation period. Among different nutritional parameters, the effects of different diluents, carbon and nitrogen sources on the enzyme production were studied. Maximum enzyme production (101.23 U/g) was observed when D 2 {(% w/v) CaCO 3 , 0.05; peptone, 0.1; glucose, 0.1 and yeast extract, 0.1} was used to moisten the substrate. The best carbon source for the production of alkaline protease by B. subtilis was found to be sucrose at a concentration of 1%. Similarly, nutrient broth (1.5%) and diammonium hydrogen phosphate (0.1%) were found to be best organic and inorganic nitrogen sources, respectively. It was also found that the maximum protease (126.8 U/g) was produced when 25% (v/w) inoculum was used to inoculate the fermentation flasks.

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