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Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) binding transporters are one of the chief reason behind drug resistance. There are forty nine adenosine triphosphate binding cassette (ABC) transporters. Some of them are Multidrug resistance associated protein-1 (MRP 1), Breast resistance cancer protein (BCRP), and P glycoprotein (P-gp). Their expression in the cell causes expel out of drugs from the cell. Therefore, the patient is incapable of achieving remission or may relapse.Methodology: Peripheral blood samples of 40 patients with denovo AML were taken in this study. QRT PCR and ELISA was performed to evaluate the MRP 1 gene and MRP 1 protein expression respectively. A relationship was analyzed between MRP 1 expression and complete remission.Results: Out of 40 patients, males were predominant i.e., 55 percent in the current research. The frequency of acute myeloid leukemia was the highest in the age group of 25–39 years both in males and females. Between MPR 1 gene expression and complete remission, clinical relevance was observed in this study, 69.2 percent of patients with high gene expression failed to attain complete remission (P value > 0.05) whereas results of MRP 1 protein analysis was statistically nonsignificant. Moreover, other parameters such as FLT3, NPM1, and cytogenetics indicated no relationship with MRP 1.Conclusion: This study provides a basis to further evaluate the role of ABC transporters for future researches. However, larger sample would be required to validate the results.

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Background: It has been estimated that 5% of the global population are carriers of Hemoglobin (Hb) disorders. These disorders may cause hemolytic anemia leading to the critical condition of the patients. The current research was designed to identify spectrums of thalassemia minor and carriers of other hemoglobinopathies patients presenting at the tertiary care center to evaluate anemia. Methodology: A total of 3289 patients’ data with low Hb values and suspicion of hemoglobinopathies were included in this cross-sectional retrospective study. Complete blood count (CBC), High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and sickling test were utilized in this study. At the same time, Patients with normal Hb as per HPLC analysis were excluded from this study. Results: Of the total, 708 (21.5%) patients had hemoglobin disorder and the mean age of patients with thalassemia minor was 24.0 ± 14.7 years. Out of 708 carriers, 646 (19.6%) cases showed traits of thalassemia minor, 12 (0.36%) showed Hb S trait, 43 (1.30%) showed Hb D trait, 07 (0.21%) showed Hb E trait, whereas there were no cases of Hb C recorded in this study. Conclusion: Thalassemia trait was the highest among other variants in our study population. It is recommended that to decrease the frequency of hemoglobinopathies, pre-marriage screening should be conducted, and family marriages should be restricted.

Cancer affects pediatric patients according to the type of tissue, anatomical site, genetics, age and sex. It may affect at any age from birth till the age of 19 years. The probability of developing cancer before the age of 20 varies by gender. It has been reported that most of cancer types except Hodgkin's disease are rising 1 percent yearly since 70s. This study has been design to collect and record the distribution of different types of cancer in pediatrics. Patients were selected randomly without discrimination of age and sex. Data of 106 patients were collected over a period of 2 years. It was found in the study that males were diagnosed more frequently than females (M: F= 2.4:1) similar to previous studies. Study revealed that acute lymphocytic leukemia was the most prevalent type of cancer after Hodgkin's disease. Age group of III (4 to 10 years) was affected more than other groups in males, probably due to general male dominance.