The substantial burden of the COVID-19 pandemic has led to increased feelings of fear and uncertainty. The contagious nature and high mortality associated with the disease has caused psychological distress, depression, stress, and anxiety among the general population, including pregnant women. 1,2 The COVID-19 pandemic affects pregnant women's perceptions, appetite, psychosocial behavior, and sleep patterns, which in turn may impact the physical and cognitive development of their newborn babies. 3 This has resulted in myriad issues for overburdened health systems trying to provide appropriate medical and mental health care. 4-6 Pakistan, a low-income country, has been slow to recognize maternal health conditions; therefore, these are unrecognized and undertreated. 7,8 The present study highlights sociodemographic factors, psychological impact, levels of depression (no depression, possible depression, and maximum depression) and anxiety, lack of appetite, and sleep disturbances among pregnant women in Lahore, Pakistan, during the COVID-19 pandemic. A descriptive cross-sectional study on pregnant women visiting the Outpatient Department (OPD) of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sheikh Zayed Hospital, Lahore, was conducted from August 6-20, 2020; a consecutive sampling technique (non-probability) was used. Pregnant women were included irrespective of their gestational period and parity, whereas pregnant women with psychiatric disorders and co-morbidities were excluded from the study. A total of 600 pregnant women were selected for this study. Among the study group, 552 (92%) responded and were included for further analysis. Psychological impact due to the COVID-19 pandemic was measured using the Kessler-10 scale (K-10), 9 and depression and anxiety were measured using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). 10 Research data were evaluated using SPSS version 22.0

Students have unique preferences when it comes to knowledge acquisition, information processing, retention in memory, and recall. This study is aimed at examining the preferred learning styles of medical and dental undergraduate students of Pakistan. It is also aimed at investigating the influence of gender, preclinical or clinical academic year, and academic record on the preferred learning style. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in Pakistan. The learning styles of undergraduate students were identified using visual, aural, read/write, and kinesthetic (VARK) questionnaire. Students were also asked about their satisfaction towards teaching style of their teachers in institute. Descriptive statistics were done to characterize the learning styles of the students. The Fisher test and chi-square test were used to compare the learning preferences between genders and public/private sector students and among preclinical/clinical years. A p value of less than 0.05 was considered significant. A total of 1473 students participated in the study. Among the students, 39.37% preferred unimodal learning style whereas 60.62% preferred multimodal style. Kinesthetic (K) and visual (V) were the most preferred unimodal styles. The preferred learning styles of female students are aural (A), visual (V), and kinesthetic (K), whereas male students preferred visual (V) and kinesthetic more (K). Students with lower academic record chose unimodal styles in comparison to high achievers that chose multimodal styles. Students of clinical year preferred multimodal and quadmodal styles in comparison to preclinical year students. An alarming 78% of students were dissatisfied with their teacher’s instructional style. Majority of students prefer multimodal learning styles over unimodal style. Gender, public/private sector, and academic record have influence on the preference of learning styles. Majority of the students are dissatisfied with their teacher’s instructional style and rely on social media platforms for understanding. Academics need to adapt their teaching methods according to student preferences in order to get better graduates.

Purpose: This study, focusing on the relationship of tagline and brand image, finds the impact of the Kit-Kat’s tagline on the product’s popularity. Methodology: For the purpose, a correlational test and regression analysis have been conducted. The data was collected by preselected enumerator through shoppers’ intercepts method by collecting the responses of 378 consumers of KitKat. Findings: Findings of the study suggest that taglines not only have strong impact on brand perception, but they also help in creating strong brand associations. Kit Kat is a famous brand that has various attributes and has gained popularity among the customers not just because of its tagline but because of various other elements. The Study has concluded that the tagline of the brand has a strong impact on building positive brand perception about Kit Kat. Practical Implications: This study contributes to knowledge development on brand management, and it might be helpful to other companies in designing their products’ taglines around correct parameters. However, limitation of this research is that it is based on the respondents of one area of Karachi. Hence, results may differ if this study is conducted in a wider geographical area with bigger sample size.