In this work, nickel-cobalt oxide (Ni (1-x) Co x O) thin films, where x = 0, 4, 6 and 8 % have been successfully deposited on glass substrates by chemical spray pyrolysis (CSP) technique at substrate temperature of (400 °C) and thickness of about 300 nm. The structural and optical properties of these films have been studied using XRD, AFM, and UV-Visible spectroscopy. The XRD results showed that all films are polycrystalline in nature with cubic structure and preferred orientation along (111) plane. The crystallite size was calculated using Scherrer formula and it is found that the undoped NiO sample has maximum crystallite size (51.16 nm). AFM results showed homogenous and smooth thin films. The absorbance and transmittance spectra have been recorded in the wavelength range of (300-900) nm in order to study the optical properties. The optical energy gap for allowed direct electronic transition was calculated using Tauc equation. It is found that the band gap decreases as the Coconcentration increases and the band gap values were in the range of 3.58-3.66 eV and 3.58 eV for the prepared Nickel-Cobalt Oxide thin films. The Urbach energy increases as the Co-concentration increases and the Urbach. The optical constants including (absorption coefficient, real and imaginary parts of dielectric constant) were also calculated as a function of photon energy. Refractive index and extinction coefficient for Nickel-Cobalt Oxide thin films were estimated as a function of wavelength.

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Temperature (°C) Rel. mass change (%) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 Name: Pure Weight: 14 mg Heating rate: 10°C/min Mass change 594.973°C,-19.3963% Mass change 374.961°C,-101.12%

In this study, (SnO 2-x F x ) thin films where (x = 0, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06 and 0.08) have been deposited by chemical spray pyrolysis method on glass substrates at temperature of (400°C), using Tin Chloride Pentahydrate (SnCl 4 .5H 2 O) and Ammonium Fluoride (NH 4 F) solutions. The structural properties and morphology of these films have been studied using XRD and AFM respectively. XRD analysis showed that these films are polycrystalline in nature with tetragonal Rutile structure with preferred orientation of (110). Doping with Fluorine causes a decrease in the crystallite size. The optical properties for all the films were studied by recording the transmittance and absorbance spectra in the range of (300-900) nm. The results showed that the absorbance increases with increasing the doping percentage. The optical energy gap for allowed direct electronic transition was calculated and it was found that the thin film with 0.08 doping percentage has the least value of 3.72 eV. Urbach energy decreases with increasing doping percentage. The optical constants (absorption coefficient, refractive index, extinction coefficient, real and imaginary parts of dielectric constant) as a function of photon energy for all prepared films were calculated.

One has to realize that the best design for cars, aircraft or parts of machines is to be able to carry the loads and conditions of service, from here to the composite materials to combine two or more materials that often have completely different properties Which work together (those materials) to give unique vehicle properties, to be used in electrical, thermal and environmental applications. The composite materials used in the research on epoxy and phenol formaldehyde resins have been mixed in different proportions and then reinforced with carbon fibers, fiberglass and Kevlar fibers to demonstrate the effect on both Electrical conductivity and Electrical dielectric.