Modern contraceptive services and maternal and newborn health care are essential for protecting the health of Nepali women and their babies. ■ ■ Based on data from 2017, women in Nepal have an estimated 539,000 unintended pregnancies each year. ■ ■ Most unintended pregnancies result from unmet need for modern contraception: About 44% of women of reproductive age (15-49 years) who want to avoid a pregnancy are not using a modern contraceptive method. ■ ■ If all unmet need for modern contraception were met, there would be 469,000 fewer unintended pregnancies annually, 306,000 fewer induced abortions and 300 fewer maternal deaths. ■ ■ At current levels of contraceptive use, providing maternal and newborn health care to all women who have unintended pregnancies, at the standards recommended by the World Health Organization, would cost an estimated $35 million. ■ ■ If all women wanting to avoid a pregnancy used modern contraceptives and all pregnant women and their newborns received the recommended care, then the country would save about $17 million compared with a scenario in which only maternal and newborn health care were increased. Each province would save between $0.8 million and $5 million. ■ ■ The combined investments would be cost-effective: For every additional dollar spent on expanding modern contraceptive use, the country would save $2 on maternal and newborn care. ■ ■ Expanding contraceptive services confers substantial benefits to women, their families and society. The provincial governments, national government, private sector and international development partners should increase their investment in modern contraceptive services.

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The Population Council's Population, Environmental Risk, and Climate Change (PERCC) initiative is a multidisciplinary effort to understand how environmental changes affect demographic trends and the impact they have on vulnerable populations. The Council is bringing together its experience in social and behavioral science research, diverse perspectives, data, methodologies, and tools to better understand the many facets of adaptation, resilience, and mitigation. This evidence will inform programs, policies and technologies that ensure the grave threat of climate change does not roll-back decades of progress in reducing poverty and improving lives around the world. ABOUT THIS MONOGRAPH Climate, Population, and Vulnerability in Pakistan: Exploring Evidence of Linkages for Adaption uses diverse data sources to initiate an interdisciplinary conversation on the interlinkages of climate change and demography through contributions from national experts in meteorology, migration, and agriculture. The aim is to provide a regionally nuanced perspective of the climatic changes to which the population is exposed; the key demographic and socioeconomic trends that have a bearing on vulnerability, resilience, and adaptation; internal migration; and the expected combined impact of these dynamics on the country's food and economic mainstay-agriculture.

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The present study is conducted to study the persons in Kashmir Valley and to compare the retired persons in Kashmir on the basis of their Gender and Dwelling. The study reveals that majority of the retired persons were from to district Srinagar, while as minimum number of retired persons bel Shopian. It is indicated that majority retired males and maximum retired females are found as per their gender. Majority of retired males belong to district Srinagar, followed by district Baramulla and district Anantnag. Majority of retired persons are found in rural areas, while as maximum number of retired persons are found in urban population. Majority of rural population are found in Baramulla district, followed district Anantnag.