Objective: To assess the self-perception of halitosis among general population of Karachi along with the oral hygiene methods used. Secondly, the self-perception of halitosis was compared with predictor variables such as age, gender, level of education, and occupation. Study design and setting: Cross-sectional survey; a total of 401 participants of Karachi were recruited in September 2020, Pakistan. Methodology: Using Google Forms, an online questionnaire was developed and consisted of 27 questions regarding demographics and self-perceived halitosis, which was filled by the participants. For the statistical analysis, a multiple linear regression test was used to analyze any significant relation between predictor variables and self-perceived halitosis. Results: Out of the 401 participants, 168 (41.9%) were males and 233 (58.1%) were females. A total of 184 (45.9%) participants suffered from halitosis, with more prevalence in males. Mostly, 251 (62.6%) participants perceived to have halitosis themselves, with tooth brushing the most common (44.9%) way to reduce it. About 340 (84.8%) respondents brushed daily, with twice a day selected by 250 (62.3%). The coated tongue was seen by 124 (30.9%) of participants themselves. Age was found to be significantly associated with self-perceived halitosis. Conclusion: Halitosis is a frequent problem most prevalent in male gender. It has medical and psychosocial impact. Although in general, people are aware of perceiving bad breath themselves, there is still a need for public awareness campaigns to disseminate more knowledge and management options regarding halitosis. Frequent visits to dental and medical healthcare professionals should be encouraged to mitigate this problem.

Cloud computing has emerged as a powerful new technology. The processing and computation power embedded in the cloud technology is not only flexible but also infinitely scalable and cost effective. Service oriented architecture (SOA) is a perfect stage for cloud computing. SOA has allowed customers and organizations to achieve cloud computing and reap its benefits that would not have been possible through any other architecture. This paper discusses the concept and importance of service oriented cloud computing by highlighting possible architectures, their benefits and critical success factors.

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the awareness of periodontal health among the patients visiting dental OPDs of Altamash Institute of Dental Medicine Karachi. This survey was conducted from September,2019 to November,2019. A descriptive crosssectional survey was conducted on 100 patients. A structured questionnaire was administered through convenience sampling to patients. The results of the questionnaire were calculated and analyzed via the SPSS software version 20. Periodontal health depends on the maintenance of the periodontium which includes gingiva, periodontal ligament, cementum, and alveolar bone [1]. Periodontal disease that adversely affects one of these components, has been a leading concern in our part of the continent [2]. Oral health plays a pivotal role in ensuring sound mental and physical health of an individual [3]. The association between one's general health with that of his oral health cannot be ignored as the oral cavity is a reflection of general health [4]. For instance, various studies were undertaken to prove a bidirectional relationship between periodontal disease and diabetes [5]. There is abundant evidence indicating the correlation between oral health and lack of awareness amongst the people coming from different socioeconomic backgrounds [6]. In a third-world country like Pakistan, the majority of the population is completely oblivious to the different measures of oral health maintenance and harbor destructive habits like betel nut chewing. Their negligence often accounting for premature tooth loss, gingival bleeding, swelling, pain, food impaction and general discomfort amongst the masses irrespective of their age, gender or economic status.Periodontal disease progresses after accumulation of plaque, which is a biofilm that contains microorganisms, and the subsequent lack of physical removal of the plaque resulting in calculus, hardened plaque [7]. This leads to the development of periodontal deterioration in the presence of decreased host resistance and lack of preventive measures such as self-care and frequent dental visits.

OBJECTIVES Patients with the low-dose long-term aspirin regime have a severe risk of excessive bleeding during surgery, placing them at risk of "adverse thrombotic events". This study aims to evaluate the bleeding in patients undergoing minor oral surgery procedures without stopping daily low-dose aspirin therapy. METHODOLOGY A descriptive cross-sectional hospital-based investigation involved the patient with minor oral surgery at "Altamash Institute of Dental Medicine, Karachi, Pakistan" from mid-April 2021 to mid-June 2021, who were between the age group 30 to 75 with a low-dose aspirin regime. The data was collected via a questionnaire to record the variables, i.e. duration of aspirin, postoperative medications, platelets count, clotting time, normal bleeding time, and intraoperative bleeding time.  RESULTS 51 patients, of which 32 were males while 19, were females. The normal bleeding time was comparatively analyzed with the intraoperative bleeding time using SPSS statistical software version 22. The results revealed that the mean bleeding time for the patients with a low-dose aspirin regime during minor oral surgery was 5.49 ± 1.07, while for the patients with a stopped aspirin dose was 4.57 ± 1.07. The comparative analysis using a t-test doesn't reveal significant statistical differences of p<0.05 between both groups. CONCLUSION We concluded that minor oral surgical procedures could safely be done without altering or stopping the low-dose, long-term aspirin regime.

The objective of this study was to examine the extent of concrete learning processes and practices in manufacturing and services sectors of Pakistan. On the other hand, this study also compares the degrees of concrete learning processes and practices in these two sectors. Five essential factors relating to concrete learning processes and practices were studied. These factors included twenty nine variables for which Mean were calculated. A self-administered structured questionnaire was used to collect the information from respondents. Arithmetic Mean, reliability and factor analysis were applied on data by using SPSS. Results revealed that there was a need to improve the ways of concrete learning processes and practices in both sectors i.e. manufacturing and services. There was no significant discrepancy between scores gained by both sectors. So, it can be derived that the level of concrete learning processes and practices is almost same in both sectors and needs improvement.