Migration from India to the Gulf Countries has increased dramatically in recent years. Does it actually have an impact on the joint family structure? India has been known for prevailing type of joint/extended families. This paper aims to throw new evidences for introducing the concept of “federated family”. Using primary survey data collected from 328 rural emigrant households in eight villages from the district of Kushinagar in eastern Uttar Pradesh in India, this paper contributes to the debate of socio-economic development and impact of international remittances at migrants’ places of origin. It is the first study which addresses the concept of federated family in India. Federated family seems to be a joint family, where all its members stay under the same roof but use separate kitchens.

Background: The key objective of pharmacology education is to make graduates competent enough to prescribe safely and effectively. There is worldwide speculation of inadequacy of pharmacology education to achieve the expected learning outcomes. Problem-based pharmacotherapy is considered as one of the crucial way to prepare future physicians as rational prescribers. As assessment drives learning priorities, adequate weightage on problem-based questions in undergraduate pharmacology examination might be helpful. Materials and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted to analyze the undergraduate pharmacology written question papers (SAQ) of MBBS curriculum of 07 different universities (Bangladesh University of Professionals, University of Dhaka, University of Chittagong, University of Rajshahi, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology, Chittagong and Gono Bishwabidyalay) of Bangladesh in last 10 years (January 2010 to November 2019). Total 131 question papers were collected, and trend and weightage of problem-based questions were evaluated. Results: Problem-based questions have been reduced dramatically over the decade and mean percentage of marks allocated for problem-based questions was 1.2 (SD1.3) over last years. There was significant difference (<0.00001) of weightage of problem-based questions among different universities of Bangladesh. Highest presence of problem-based question was observed in Gono Bishwabidyalay (GB), followed by Shahjalal University of Science and Technology (SUST), University of Rajshahi (RU) and Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP) but there was not a single problem-based question in University of Dhaka (DU), University of Chittagong (CU) and University of Science and Technology (USTC) over 10 years period. Conclusion: Current study revealed negligible presence of problem-based questions in undergraduate pharmacology written question papers of Bangladesh over 10 years period.

Background: It is expected that pharmacology education should prepare students as rational prescriber. Credibility of undergraduate pharmacology curricula is rather questionable in this aspect. As assessment shapes learning priorities, it is crucial to design assessment methods of pharmacology in right way to achieve the expected learning outcomes of future physicians. Materials and methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted to compare the reflection of curricular objectives, content coverage and national health priorities in undergraduate pharmacology written question papers (SAQ) of different universities of Bangladesh in last 10 years (January 2010 to November 2019). Total 131 question papers were collected, and reflection of curricular objectives, content coverage and selective disease burdens were evaluated and compared. Results: One objective regarding factual knowledge (Pharmacological effects, mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetic characteristics and adverse reactions of drugs) had significant higher weightage throughout the decade in all universities. There were statistically significant differences in weightage of reflection of five curricular objectives (p value <0.00001, 0.001, 0.003, 0.004, 0.02) among different universities. There was not a single question reflecting the ethical and legal issues involved in drug prescribing, development, manufacture and marketing in the decade in any university. Chemotherapy was the highest covered area (19.4±3.3), followed by central nervous system (1 6 . 0 ± 3 . 4 ) and general principles of pharmacology (14.3±3.2) throughout the last ten years in all universities. There was statistically also significant difference among different universities in weightage of all content areas except Gastrointestinal pharmacology. Statistically significant difference (p value < 0 . 0 0 0 0 1 ) among different universities in cardiovascular diseases burden was observed. Conclusion: Current study found variation in pharmacology written question papers of different universities in the aspects of reflection of curricular objectives, content coverage and cardiovascular disease burden. Chatt Maa Shi Hosp Med Coll J; Vol.21 (2); July 2022; Page 3-8

Background: It is expected that pharmacology education should prepare students as rational prescriber. Credibility of undergraduate pharmacology curricula is rather questionable in this aspect. As assessment shapes learning priorities, it is crucial to design assessment methods of pharmacology in right way to achieve the expected learning outcomes of future physicians. Materials and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted to compare the reflection of curricular objectives, content coverage and national health priorities in undergraduate pharmacology written question papers (SAQ) of different universities of Bangladesh in last 10 years (January 2010 to November 2019). Total 131 question papers were collected, and reflection of curricular objectives, content coverage and selective disease burdens were evaluated and compared. Result: One objective regarding factual knowledge (pharmacological effects, mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetic characteristics and adverse reactions of drugs) had significant higher weightage throughout the decade in all universities. There were statistically significant differences in weightage of reflection of five curricular objectives (p value <0.00001, 0.001, 0.003, 0.004, 0.02) among different universities. There was not a single question reflecting the ethical and legal issues involved in drug prescribing, development, manufacture and marketing in the decade in any university. Chemotherapy was the highest covered area (mean 19.4 SD 3.3), followed by central nervous system (mean 16.0 SD 3.4) and general principles of pharmacology (mean 14.3 SD 3.2) throughout the last ten years in all universities. There was statistically also significant difference among different universities in weightage of all content areas except Gastrointestinal pharmacology. Statistically significant difference (p value <0.00001) among different universities in cardiovascular diseases burden was observed. Conclusion: Current study found variation in pharmacology written question papers of different universities in the aspects of reflection of curricular objectives, content coverage and cardiovascular disease burden.

Background: The aim of pharmacology education is to make graduate competent enough to prescribe safely and effectively. So it is expected that pharmacology education would incorporate all the important aspects of prescribing. Skin diseases are associated with a considerable disease burden in Bangladesh and mostly treated in primary care settings by junior doctors. Materials and methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted to analyze the undergraduate pharmacology curriculum and written question papers (SAQ) of MBBS curriculum of 07 different universities (Bangladesh University of Professionals, University of Dhaka, University of Chittagong, University of Rajshahi, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology, Chittagong and Gono Bishwabidyalay) of Bangladesh in last 10 years (January 2010 to November 2019). The evaluation was conducted through searching certain key phrases. Results: In Pharmacology & Therapeutics portion of the MBBS curricula, there was not a single hour to teach dermatological pharmacotherapy. Highest presence of dermatological pharmacotherapy related question was observed in Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP) followed by University of Rajshahi (RU).And statistically significant difference (p<0.00001) was observed among seven universities. Conclusion: Current study revealed negligible presence of dermatological pharmacotherapy in undergraduate pharmacology education of Bangladesh over 10 years period. IAHS Medical Journal Vol 5(2), Dec 2022; 34-37