No abstract

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<b><i>Background:</i></b> There is a trend towards de-escalating axillary staging and treatment in breast cancer patients. On account of neoadjuvant systemic therapy, node-positive breast cancer patients can achieve a pathological complete response of the axilla. It is hypothesized that these patients do not benefit from an axillary lymph node dissection (ALND), and thus may be spared the risk of severe post-surgical morbidity. In an effort to omit standard ALND, less invasive axillary staging procedures are being implemented to establish response-guided treatment. However, it is unclear which less invasive staging procedure is most accurate, and long-term data are missing with regard to their oncologic safety. <b><i>Summary:</i></b> This article provides an overview of the literature on currently used less invasive axillary staging procedures, the accuracy and feasibility of these procedures in clinical practice, important issues concerning axillary treatment, and issues to be addressed in ongoing or future studies. <b><i>Key messages:</i></b> More evidence is needed regarding the safety of replacing standard ALND by less invasive axillary staging procedures in terms of long-term prognosis. These less invasive staging procedures not only serve to select patients who may benefit from treatment de-escalation, but also to select patients who may benefit from treatment escalation.

This study compares the quality of life (QoL) of infantile hemangioma (IH) patients and their parents at the beginning of the involution phase with QoL in the growth phase. Additionally, the differences in QoL between propranolol‐treated patients and non‐treated patients are assessed. Overall, QoL seems to improve, even before involution occurs. Due to the efficacy of propranolol treatment, the impact on QoL remains relatively mild even in patients with severe IH.