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The transition toward a more sustainable global energy system, significantly relying on renewable energies and decentralized energy systems, requires a deep reorganization of the energy sector. The way how energy services are generated, delivered, and traded is expected to be very different in the coming years. Business model innovation is recognized as a key driver for the successful implementation of the energy turnaround. This work contributes to this topic by introducing a heuristic methodology easing the identification of general business model patterns best suited for Local Energy Management concepts such as Energy Hubs. A conceptual framework characterizing the Local Energy Management business model solution space is developed. Three reference business model patterns providing orientation across the defined solution space are identified, analyzed, and compared. Through a market review, a number of successfully implemented innovative business models have been analyzed and allocated within the defined solution space. The outcomes of this work offer to potential stakeholders a starting point and guidelines for the business model innovation process, as well as insights for policy makers on challenges and opportunities related to Local Energy Management concepts.

The successful deployment of the energy transition relies on a deep reorganization of the energy market. Business model innovation is recognized as a key driver of this process. This work contributes to this topic by providing to potential local energy management (LEM) stakeholders and policy makers a conceptual framework guiding the LEM business model innovation. The main determinants characterizing LEM concepts and impacting its business model innovation are identified through literature reviews on distributed generation typologies and customer/investor preferences related to new business opportunities emerging with the energy transition. Afterwards, the relation between the identified determinants and the LEM business model solution space is analyzed based on semi-structured interviews with managers of Swiss utilities companies. The collected managers' preferences serve as explorative indicators supporting the business model innovation process and provide insights into policy makers on challenges and opportunities related to LEM.

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TurbulenzmodelleWie einleitend schon erwähnt, bildet der Vergleich von verschiedenen Turbulenzmodellen den Hauptteil dieser Studie, wobei die folgenden Modelle angewendet wurden: ± k-x SST-Modell, ± DES, kombiniert mit k-x SST, ± DES, kombiniert mit Spalart-Allmaras (SA).Für die Simulation mit dem k-x SST-Modell wurden im gesamten Strömungsgebiet die Reynolds-gemittelten Navier-Stokes (RANS) -Gleichungen gelöst 1) :mitŨ, den Reynolds-gemittelten Geschwindigkeiten, und u¢, den turbulenten Schwankungsgröûen der Geschwindigkeit. Die zusätzlich zu den Navier-Stokes-Termen auftretenden Reynolds-Spannungen wurden mit dem Wirbelviskositätsprinzip nach B O U S S I N E S Q beschrieben, bei welchem die Reynolds-Spannungen proportional zu den Geschwindigkeitsgradienten gesetzt werden.Abbildung 1. Geometrie des Sulzer-Mischers SMI mit zwei im 90-Winkel zueinander verdrehten Mischelementen.