Doge, J.S., Gottschalk, M.S., Bizzo, L.E.M., Oliveira, S.C.F., Schmitz, H.J., Valente, V.L.S. & Hofmann, P.R.P. 1925 and Z. vittimaculosa Burla 1956. Except for Z. bilineata and Z. hypandriata, these are the new southernmost records for the geographical distribution of these species. All the collected species were represented by few individuals, probably as a consequence of the collection method, and most of them was captured in winters and springs. Five species were restricted to the more preserved studied site, and most individuals were collected in forest sites. Nevertheless, four species were also captured in urban or xeric environments, indicating a higher tolerance and a wider ecological versatility in this genus as compared to what was previously thought, at least for some species. O presente estudo reúne dados de pesquisa de nove locais de coleta no estado de Santa Catarina, sul do Brasil. Foram obtidas amostras durante aproximadamente quatro anos em áreas florestais, litorâneas e urbanas. As moscas foram atraídas através de isca de banana fermentada e capturadas em armadilhas. Dentre as espécies do gênero Zygothrica
The Drosophilidae Family of flies is cosmopolitan and is distributed in many types of ecosystems. The knowledge about the distribution of these species in Brazil has grown since the 1940s. However, the large extension of the Brazilian territory and the complexity of its ecosystems accounts for the fact of that this research field is still underexploited. The present study brings together survey data from 12 collection sites in Santa Catarina State, southern Brazil. The flies were collected over fermented banana baits, or over their natural trophic resources. This study expands the knowledge of the geographical distribution of Drosophila ananassae Doleschall, D. aff. elliptica, D. neosaltans Pavan & Magalh es, D. pulchella Sturtevant, D. bocainensis Pavan & Cunha and D. bocainoides Carson, all from the subgenus Sophophora.
RESUMODada a enorme complexidade dos ecossistemas e a disponibilidade limitada de recursos, os biólogos conservacionistas têm buscado estratégias para predizer a diversidade total de um ambiente, sem a obrigatoriedade de conhecer, individualmente, a diversidade de cada grupo de organismos do local. O presente trabalho faz uma revisão de estudos que abordam substitutos da diversidade, particularmente os dois tipos mais discutidos na literatura: táxons bioindicadores e abordagens em níveis taxonômicos acima de espécie. Vários estudos têm demonstrado que medidas de diversidade de diferentes grupos de organismos (p.ex.: riqueza de espécies, equitabilidade e composição específica) apresentam pouca ou nenhuma correspondência entre si. Isso gera muitos questionamentos sobre a validade da aplicação de substitutos da diversidade. Sabe-se que a correlação entre medidas de diversidade é influenciada pelo método estatístico utilizado, pelas escalas espaço-temporais, pelo tamanho do esforço amostral e pelo tipo de hábitat. Tais fatores, entretanto, têm sido negligenciados em alguns estudos. Até o presente momento, não há subsídios suficientes para instituir qualquer grupo de organismos como substituto incondicional da diversidade de outros grupos, nem como um subconjunto mensurável da diversidade regional. No entanto, por esta ser uma linha de pesquisa relativamente nova, os substitutos da diversidade ainda devem ser explorados, abordando outras medidas de diversidade, em escalas espaciais bem definidas, na tentativa de encontrar uma alternativa que permita sua aplicação visando o estabelecimento de áreas protegidas. Palavras-chave: bioindicadores; congruência; conservação; representante; riqueza. ABSTRACT. BIODIVERSITY SURROGATES: FUNCIONALITY AND LIMITATIONS.As a consequence of the enormous complexity of ecosystems, and of the limited availability of resources, conservation biologists have looked for appropriate approaches to predict the overall diversity of an environment, without the need to individually know the diversity of each organisms group on a given area. This paper presents a review of studies on biodiversity surrogates, particularly the two types more discussed in literature: bioindicator taxa and higher taxa approach. Several studies have shown that diversity measures (eg, species richness, evenness, and species composition) exhibit little or no correlation among different organism groups. This has raised to many doubts about the validity of the use of biodiversity surrogates. It is known that correlation between diversity measures is influenced by the statistical method applied, by temporal scales, by the sampling effort, and by the habitat type. However, those factors have been overlooked in several studies. To date, there are no sufficient subsidies to define any organisms group as an unconditional biodiversity surrogate of others, or even as a measurable subset of regional diversity. However, this is a line of research relatively new, therefore it is still worth exploring the biodiversity surrogates, addre...
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