Anthropogenic activities such as uncontrolled deforestation and increasing greenhouse gas emissions are responsible for triggering a series of environmental imbalances that affect the Earth's complex climate dynamics. As a consequence of these changes, several climate models forecast an intensification of extreme weather events over the upcoming decades, including heat waves and increasingly severe drought and flood episodes. The occurrence of such extreme weather will prompt profound changes in several plant communities, resulting in massive forest dieback events that can trigger a massive loss of biodiversity in several biomes worldwide. Despite the gravity of the situation, our knowledge regarding how extreme weather events can undermine the performance, survival, and distribution of forest species remains very fragmented. Therefore, the present review aimed to provide a broad and integrated perspective of the main biochemical, physiological, and morpho‐anatomical disorders that may compromise the performance and survival of forest species exposed to climate change factors, particularly drought, flooding, and global warming. In addition, we also discuss the controversial effects of high CO2 concentrations in enhancing plant growth and reducing the deleterious effects of some extreme climatic events. We conclude with a discussion about the possible effects that the factors associated with the climate change might have on species distribution and forest composition.

Bark is a structure involved in multiple physiological functions, but which has been traditionally associated with protection against fire. Thus, little is known about how the morpho-anatomical variations of this structure are related to different ecological pressures, especially in tropical savanna species, which are commonly subjected to frequent fire and drought events. Here we evaluated how the structural and functional variations of bark are related to the processes of resilience and resistance to fire, as well as transport and storage of water in 31 native species from the Brazilian Cerrado. Because of their thick bark, none of the trees analyzed were top-killed after a severe fire event. The structural and functional variations of the bark were also associated with water storage and transport, functions related to properties of the inner bark. In fact, species with a thicker and less dense inner bark were the ones that had the highest water contents in the wood, bark, and leaves. Lower bark density was also related to higher stem hydraulic conductivity, carbon assimilation, and growth. Overall, we provide strong evidence that in addition to protection from fire, the relative investment in bark also reflects different strategies of water use and conservation among many Cerrado tree species.

Qualea grandiflora é uma espécie típica da fisionomia cerradão, de importância ecológica, florística e medicinal. No entanto, são pouco os estudos no que se refere a sua fenologia. Diante do exposto, objetivou-se verificar a sazonalidade e influência das variáveis climáticas nos eventos reprodutivos de Qualea grandiflora em cerradão. Marcaram-se 15 indivíduos que foram visitados mensalmente entre julho de 2016 e junho de 2018 para registrar os eventos: botões florais, antese, frutos imaturos e maduros. A intensidade de Fournier e sincronia foram correlacionadas com a precipitação, temperatura máxima, média e mínima através da correlação de Spearman, e a sazonalidade por meio da estatística circular. A espécie produziu botões e flores durante a estação chuvosa, o que resultou em correlação positiva com a precipitação. A formação de frutos ocorreu tanto na época chuvosa quanto na seca, já a maturação dos frutos ocorreu na estação seca. O evento de frutos imaturos foi o único não sazonal devido a sua duração. Os eventos reprodutivos de Qualea grandiflora se correlacionaram com a temperatura e a precipitação, de modo que a espécie utiliza essa influência para potencializar suas chances de reprodução.

RESUMO-A reprodução das espécies do cerrado apresenta variação em função das condições climáticas. Este estudo descreve a fenologia reprodutiva de Qualea parviflora em cerradão, localizado na Fazenda Fontes do Saber (17°47'12"S e 50°57'48"W), Rio Verde, Goiás, onde 11 indivíduos foram acompanhados entre julho de 2016 e junho de 2018 para registro das intensidade botão floral, antese, fruto imaturo e maduro. As avaliações consistiram em intensidade, sazonalidade e correlação das fenofases com as variáveis climáticas. Os botões florais e flores ocorreram durante as chuvas, os frutos imaturos no período chuvoso e seco, e a maturação na seca. Em termos de sazonalidade, todos os eventos foram sazonais, exceto frutos imaturos. Já para as correlações, apenas o evento de botão floral apresentou correlações fortes e significativas com variações pluviométricas e térmicas da área de estudo. Palavras-chaves: estatística, reprodução, fenologia, pau-terra ABSTRACT-Climatic influence and seasonality of the reproductive phenology of Qualea parviflora Mart. (Vochysiaceae) in cerradão. The reproduction of cerrado species varies according to climatic conditions. This study describes the reproductive phenology of Qualea parviflora in cerradão, located at Fazenda Fontes do Saber (17°47'12 "S and 50° 57'48" W), Rio Verde, Goiás, where 11 individuals were followed between July 2016 and June 2018 to register the intensity of flower bud, anthesis, immature and mature fruits. The evaluations consisted of intensity, seasonality and correlation of the phenophases with the climatic variables. Flower buds and flowers occurred during the rainny season, immature fruits in the rainy and dry period, and maturation in the dry season. All events were seasonal, except for immature fruits. In terms of correlations, only the events of flower buds had strong and significant correlations with rainfall and thermal variations of the study area.