Purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) catalyzes the reversible phosphorolytic cleavage of the glycosidic bond of purine nucleosides to produce ribose-1-phosphate and a free purine base [1][2][3]. PNPs have been characterized in a variety of species and may be grouped into two main groups, PNP-1 and PNP-2. PNP-1 are found in prokaryotes, are homohexamers with a subunit of 26 kDa and recognize both 6-oxo and 6-amino purine nucleosides as substrates. PNP-2 are homotrimers, with a subunit molecular mass of We report here the characterization of the first mammalian-like purine nucleoside phosphorylase from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus (PfPNP). The gene PF0853 encoding PfPNP was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli and the recombinant protein was purified to homogeneity. PfPNP is a homohexamer of 180 kDa which shows a much higher similarity with 5¢-deoxy-5¢-methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP) than with purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) family members. Like human PNP, PfPNP shows an absolute specificity for inosine and guanosine. PfPNP shares 50% identity with MTAP from P. furiosus (PfMTAP). The alignment of the protein sequences of PfPNP and PfM-TAP indicates that only four residue changes are able to switch the specificity of PfPNP from a 6-oxo to a 6-amino purine nucleoside phosphorylase still maintaining the same overall active site organization. PfPNP is highly thermophilic with an optimum temperature of 120°C and is characterized by extreme thermodynamic stability (T m , 110°C that increases to 120°C in the presence of 100 mm phosphate), kinetic stability (100% residual activity after 4 h incubation at 100°C), and remarkable SDS-resistance. Limited proteolysis indicated that the only proteolytic cleavage site is localized in the C-terminal region and that the C-terminal peptide is not necessary for the integrity of the active site. By integrating biochemical methodologies with mass spectrometry we assigned three pairs of intrasubunit disulfide bridges that play a role in the stability of the enzyme against thermal inactivation. The characterization of the thermal properties of the C254S ⁄ C256S mutant suggests that the CXC motif in the C-terminal region may also account for the extreme enzyme thermostability.Abbreviations hMTAP, human 5¢-deoxy-5¢-methylthioadenosine phosphorylase; MTA, 5¢-deoxy-5¢-methylthioadenosine; MTAP, 5¢-deoxy-5¢-methylthioadenosine phosphorylase; PfMTAP, 5¢-deoxy-5¢-methylthioadenosine phosphorylase from Pyrococcus furiosus; PfPNP, purine nucleoside phosphorylase from P. furiosus; PNP, purine nucleoside phosphorylase; SsMTAP, 5¢-deoxy-5¢-methylthioadenosine phosphorylase from Sulfolobus solfataricus; SsMTAPII, 5¢-deoxy-5¢-methylthioadenosine phosphorylase II from S. solfataricus.