Considering the high number of painful treatments, predictors for painful dilatations should be further clarified through standardized documentation and prospective evaluation in order to improve follow-up.

This study provides evidence that assisted reproductive techniques such as in vitro fertilization and intracytoplasmic sperm injection are associated with a markedly increased risk of having a child born with exstrophy-epispadias complex. However, it remains unclear whether this finding may be due to assisted reproduction per se and/or underlying infertility/subfertility etiology or parent characteristics.

No abstract