Both sublingual and vaginal administrations of misoprostol are equally effective in inducing medical abortion during second trimester but sublingual route was preferred by the patients.

The ubiquity of carbon halogen bonds in the structural core of numerous biomolecules and pharmaceuticals along with their role as synthetic precursors in various organic reactions makes the organic halides a crucial class of organic compounds. Consequently, the synthesis of organic halides with high regioselectivity is of paramount importance in synthetic chemistry. In nature, selective halogenation is achieved by metalloenzymes with high efficiency involving high-valent iron-oxo as active species. The high selectivity of halogenating enzymes attracted considerable attention leading to the development of several biomimetic approaches for CÀ H halogenation. Moreover, the emergence of transition metal (TM) catalyzed site-selective CÀ H halogenation protocols through the development of several directed strategies has also been impressive. There has been significant development in the first row TM catalyzed CÀ H halogenation reactions despite the dominance of late transition metals catalysts in this field. But in literature, there is no up-to-date recent review article that consolidates bio-mimetic as well as synthetic strategies of CÀ H halogenation (X = Cl, Br, I) containing organo-fluorination with all the first-row transition metals. Thus, we got motivated and have focused to elucidate the recent developments of first row TM-catalyzed CÀ H halogenation of (hetero)arenes and alkanes through biomimetic approaches as well as directed and undirected strategies in this present review. Additionally, this review covers the recent progresses in the CÀ H fluorination methodologies. Altogether, the review will provide a combined overview of all the strategies of first-row transition-metalmediated CÀ H halogenation reactions that may benefit the scientific community towards the development of new methodologies in this field.

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> Coronal fractures of the femoral condyles are rare injuries.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> This retrospective case series included patients with coronal fractures of the femoral condyles managed operatively. The surgeries were performed by authors NJ, RL and VB. A total of 11 patients with Hoffa fracture were operated between May 2011 and July 2012.<strong></strong></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> We report the outcome of open reduction and internal fixation using partially threaded screws in 11 patients with Hoffa fracture. There were 10 male and 1 female patient operated at a mean age of 37 years. The average duration of follow up was 15.6 months. Fractures in all the patients united with a mean 115.45⁰ range of flexion at knee at final review. The final outcome had a poor correlation with the shear angle of the fracture but fracture comminution and open nature of injury had a negative effect on the final outcome achieved. The number of screws used and the type of rehabilitation followed post operatively also had no bearing on the final range of motion achieved.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Partially threaded screws offer consistently good results in coronal fractures of the femoral condyles and the outcome is dictated only by perioperative factors like comminution and open nature of injury.</p>

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Fracture neck of femur has always attracted the mankind due to its peculiar nature of going into non union and osteonecrosis of femoral head even with best fixation method and adequate reduction. A novel way to treat fracture neck of femur is with small diameter dynamic hip screw and an additional derotation screw. 30 patients aged 18-60 years presenting to Deen Dayal Upadhyay Hospital with fresh (<3 weeks old) fracture neck of femur were randomized into two groups and were treated with two different modalities of fixation: Small diameter sliding hip screw and plate with an additional derotation screw (Mini DHS group) and three cannulated cancellous screws in an inverted triangle configuration (CCS group). Intraoperative duration of surgery and blood loss was noted. All the patients were followed up for a minimum period of 12 months. The clinical outcomes were evaluated using UCLA score. Postoperative radiographs were used to look for evidence of union, loss of the alignment of the fracture, trabecular continuity at fracture line, late segmental collapse and the presence of avascular necrosis. Between group comparisons were performed using chi square test and Student's T test. Conclusion: Small diameter dynamic hip screw with an additional derotation screw is a good method to treat fracture neck of femur with increased incidence of union and less complications.