The present study demonstrates the application of 3 2 full factorial design for optimization of berberine loaded liposome for oral administration. Thin film hydration method was used to prepare liposome and optimization was done by 3 2 full factorial designs combined with desirability function. Nine formulations were prepared by using different drug : lipid and soyphosphatidylcholine : cholesterol (SPC:CHOL) ratios and evaluated for entrapment efficiency and vesicle size. The statistical validity of model was done by analysis of variance (ANOVA). Response surface graph and contour plots were used to understand the effect of variables on responses. The optimized formulation with 0.782 desirability value was prepared and evaluated for responses. The results of entrapment efficiency and vesicle size were found to be very close with the predicted values. In addition, an optimized formulation was also characterized for zeta potential, in vitro drug release and morphology. The formulation was found to be spherical shape with an average diameter of 0.823 nm and -1.93 mV zeta potential and also shows sustained release pattern. These results support the fact that 3 2 full factorial designs with desirability function could be effectively used in optimization of berberine loaded liposome.

The biosorption process has been established as characteristics of dead biomasses of both cellulosic and microbial origin to bind metal ion pollutants from aqueous suspension. The high effectiveness of this process even at low metal concentration, similarity to ion exchange treatment process, but cheaper and greener alternative to conventional techniques have resulted in a mature biosorption technology. Yet its adoption to large scale industrial wastewaters treatment has still been a distant reality. The purpose of this review is to make in-depth analyses of the various aspects of the biosorption technology, staring from the various biosorbents used till date and the various factors affecting the process. The design of better biosorbents for improving their physico-chemical features as well as enhancing their biosorption characteristics has been discussed. Better economic value of the biosorption technology is related to the repeated reuse of the biosorbent with minimum loss of efficiency. In this context desorption of the metal pollutants as well as regeneration of the biosorbent has been discussed in detail. Various inhibitions including the multi mechanistic role of the biosorption technology has been identified which have played a contributory role to its non-commercialization.

The aim of the present work was to formulate a self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) containing orlistat. The oil, surfactant and co-surfactant were decided based on the solubility studies. Pseudoternary phase diagrams were plotted, microemulsification area was determined and different formulations were prepared. Particle size, zeta potential, dispersibility test and thermodynamic stability studies were measured. In-vitro dissolution test of thermodynamically stable formulations OS-B and OS-C were carried and results were compared with those of plain drug and suspension formulation. Stability studies performed indicated that formulation OS-C remained stable over 12 months period. Thus this investigation concluded that hydrophobic drugs like orlistat can be delivered effectively through the formulation of SMEDDS.

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