Background The goal of this study is to clarify clinical, functional, and biochemical features of postmenopausal women who are at risk of developing osteosarcopenia. Methods This is a cross-sectional study undertaken to investigate the co-accordance of osteoporosis and sarcopenia and common risk factors on 305 postmenopausal Iranian women. Sarcopenia and osteoporosis were defined based on the European Working Group on sarcopenia in Older People guidelines and WHO criteria, respectively. Confounding factors including age, menopausal age, obesity, sun exposure, physical activity, macronutrient composition, and calcium and vitamin D supplementations were considered for all participants. A multivariate model was used to consider the common risk factors of both disorders; osteoporosis and sarcopenia. Results The mean age was 57.9 years ± 6.0 SD (range: 48–78 years) and 37.4% of patients were 60 years or older. Among all participants, 35.7% were obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2). Approximately 45% of all the study population had insufficient physical activity and at least half of participants had insufficient intake of protein. There was a significant correlation between bone density and muscle mass and basal metabolic rate (BMR) (p < 0.01). In multivariate-multivariable regression model, after Bonferroni correction for obesity, lower BMR was the only one associated with both lower muscle mass and bone density in lumbar and hip sites (p < 0.007). Conclusions Our data suggest that low BMR might be an early predictor for concordance of osteoporosis and sarcopenia in postmenopausal women.

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Background: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most prevalent chronic liver disorders worldwide. In an aggressive type, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) might lead to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma progression. Currently, there is no certified drug applied to treat NASH. Human studies have demonstrated the beneficial effects of probiotics supplementation in NAFLD. Due to the lack of appropriate studies and the emerging requirements for further illustration over the effects of probiotics on the treatment of NAFLD and NASH-related disorders in humans, in this study, we seek to evaluate this matter often papered over.Methods: We will search PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science from inception to February 2021. Search terms are keywords and medical subject headings related to NAFLD, probiotics, glycemic indexes, inflammation, and dyslipidemia. 2 researchers will determine the search strategy after several pre-searches. The Glycemic outcomes include glycated hemoglobin, fasting blood glucose, fasting insulin, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance.The lipidomic outcomes include differences in High-density lipoprotein, Low-density lipoprotein, Total triglyceride, Total cholesterol.The Inflammatory outcomes include differences in IL6, IL1β, TNFα, CRP.The meta-analysis will be performed using END NOTE and STATA.Results: Our study will systematically evaluate the effectiveness and safety of probiotics supplementation in NAFLD patients.Conclusion: This study's results will give the proof for probiotics supplements in NAFLD treatment and provide an evidence for clinical treatment.