No abstract

We conducted a laboratory study to assess the efficiency of nonionic and anionic surfactants in combination with a sparing quantity of ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) to simultaneously extract heavy metals (HMs) and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) compounds from a field-contaminated soil. A soil wash that mobilized both HMs and PCBs was combined with back-extraction with hexane to remove PCBs from the aqueous wash. The aqueous washing suspension was then regenerated by precipitation of the HMs induced by corrosion and hydrolysis of zero-valent Mg to provide a cleaned soil and innocuous extract. Finally, the washing suspension was recycled twice to mobilize more contaminants from the soil particulate fraction. After ultrasonic equilibration, EDTA in admixture with a nonionic surfactant did not appreciably change the efficiency of mobilization of most heavy metals (Al, Cd, Cr, Fe Mn, Ni, and Zn), but did increase the recovery of Cu and Pb. The release of EDTA from HM complexes was efficient for most metals (99%) but was influenced by the chemical characteristics of the surfactant. The EDTA recovery (62-65%) after three cycles of soil washing, hexane back-extraction, and Mg(0) treatment was similar for all reagent combinations. In toto, these studies demonstrate that after treatment with ultrasound, selected heavy metals can be coextracted efficiently from soil with a single washing suspension containing EDTA and a nonionic surfactant.

For the attainment of individual’s cognitive and social benefits the employee turnover is becoming popular trend in all organization. This research paper reports on examination of variables that may be predictive to leave a job. More precisely this current paper shows the direct and indirect impact of job stress, job satisfaction on turnover. Organizational commitment is the antecedent of turnover intention. It highlights the impact of leadership support on job satisfaction. In order to collect the data for understanding the situation about the employee turnover intention, a sample of 200 respondents was ask to participate in a self-administered questionnaire.50 questionnaires are not giving right answers so only 150 samples are selected for research. The current research paper uses a non-probability technique of sampling. We choose this sample of people from different institutions of Bahawalpur. Four major clusters was target to collect the sample data like the Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Allama Iqbal college of Bahawalpur, Army public school and college system and Sadiq Public School. Finding shows that employee turnover intention has a significant relationship with all the variables i.e. organizational commitment, job satisfaction, job stress and leadership support.

The suitability of 13 C NMR as a primary method for the analysis of lipids to obtain nutritional labeling compositional data (NLCD), i.e. the percentages of saturated, cis-monounsaturated, trans-monounsaturated, and cis-polyunsaturated fat, was assessed. The 13 C NMR methodology was developed by using mixtures of pure triglycerides as model lipids to optimize and standardize scan conditions and spectral pre-processing procedures, establish fixed integration limits for measurement of the 13 C resonances used in the determination of NLCD, and evaluate the quantitative accuracy of the 13 C NMR analysis. The standardized 13 C NMR methodology allowed the NLCD of the model triacylglycerol mixtures to be determined within ,61%. To further evaluate the methodology, two sets of validation samples, consisting of ten unhydrogenated oils from the American Oil Chemists' Society Laboratory Proficiency Program (AOCS-LPP) and two trans-containing AOCS-LPP samples combined with three samples from a hydrogenation process, were analyzed. Good overall agreement between the NMR-determined NLCD (in units of mol-%) and the mol-% NLCD calculated for these samples from fatty acid compositional data obtained by gas chromatography was found, including good tracking of the trans content in the second validation set. Given that the NLCD must be expressed on a wt-% basis to be of practical utility, a means of mol-% to wt-% conversion was developed assuming all unsaturates to be C 18 and obtaining the weightaverage molecular weight of the saturated fatty acid contributions from the NMR data. This conversion was shown to be especially effective for oil blends, where errors become significant if unit conversion is not done. This work indicates that 13 C NMR can provide excellent primary NLCD data, even in wt-% terms, which can be used for calibrating simpler and automatable instrumental methods such as FTIR spectrometers to determine or screen for NLCD for fats and oils or lipids extracted from food on a routine basis. Keywords:13 C NMR / Fats and oils / Mol % / NLCD / Trans analysis / Validation / Weight %

The nutrition labeling compositional data (NLCD) required for fat-containing food products consists of the percentages of saturated, cis-monounsaturated, and cis-polyunsaturated fat as well as trans content. The capability of 1 H NMR spectroscopy to determine the NLCD components in oils that do not contain significant levels of trans isomers has already been established in the literature, but not its capability to differentiate between cis-and trans-unsaturation. In the present study, the determination of all four NLCD components in fats and oils has been demonstrated for the first time. A preliminary analysis of the intensity-normalized 1 H NMR spectra of defined mixtures of pure triacylglycerols (TAG) by partial least squares (PLS) regression revealed that the (mono)allylic proton resonances of cis and trans bonds were sufficiently well separated to allow for accurate quantitation of trans content by simple peak integration. This chemometric approach also served to facilitate the identification of optimal integration limits for these cis-and trans-allylic resonances. Fixed integration limits were also set for the other resonances employed in the determination of the four NLCD components, and a standardized spectral preprocessing procedure was established. The 1 H NMR NLCD data obtained for the TAG mixtures by this methodology was a good match to the actual values, calculated from the known molar composition of these gravimetrically prepared mixtures. A procedure for the conversion of the NMR mol% NLCD to units of wt%, previously developed for 13 C NMR, was adapted for H NMR provides a more rapid and costeffective means of obtaining NLCD than 13 C NMR and can replace GC as a primary reference method for the calibration of simpler and automatable instrumental methods such as Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy.