Background: Relative telomere length (RTL), the biological chronometer, varies considerably among individuals under the influence of multiple risk factors such as socioeconomic status (SES). It is anticipated that during fetal life, telomeres undergo reprogramming. The purpose of this study is to find the association between SES and telomere length of mother-newborn and genetic remodeling that occurs during fetal life. Results: The mean telomere/single gene copy (T/S) ratio and RTL (base pairs) among 250 mother-newborn dyads were higher in cord blood of newborns (1.18 ± 0.23) (6765 ± 1350 bp) (95% confidence level) compared to maternal blood (1.13 ± 0.18) (6432 ± 1350 bp) of all SES of the Pakistani population. A positive association (r = 0.396, p < 0.05) (F (2,238) = 9.229, p < 0.05) was found between maternal and newborn telomere length by using Spearman's correlation and regression analyses. Calculated RTL by Kruskal Wallis was found significant in low SES maternal and cord blood (5916 ± 754-6214 ± 596) compared to high SES maternal and cord blood (6818 ± 1248-7471 ± 1851). Conclusion: Significantly longer RTL in cord blood than maternal blood was observed in the targeted Pakistani population, including the low socioeconomic group highlighting fetal telomere reprogramming. High education appears to have a strong determining factor for longer RTL.

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Telomeres, markers for cellular senescence, have been found substantially influenced by parental inheritance. It is well known that genomic stability is preserved by the DNA repair mechanism through telomerase. This study aimed to determine the association between parents–newborn telomere length (TL) and telomerase gene (TERT), highlighting DNA repair combined with TL/TERT polymorphism and immunosenescence of the triad. The mother–father–newborn triad blood samples (n = 312) were collected from Ziauddin Hospitals, Pakistan, between September 2021 and June 2022. The telomere length (T/S ratio) was quantified by qPCR, polymorphism was identified by Sanger sequencing, and immunosenescence by flow cytometry. The linear regression was applied to TL and gene association. The newborns had longest TL (2.51 + 2.87) and strong positive association (R = 0.25, p ≤ 0.0001) (transgenerational health effects) with mothers’ TL (1.6 + 2.00). Maternal demographics—socioeconomic status, education, and occupation—showed significant effects on TL of newborns (p < 0.015, 0.034, 0.04, respectively). The TERT risk genotype CC (rs2736100) was predominant in the triad (0.6, 0.5, 0.65, respectively) with a strong positive association with newborn TL (β = 2.91, <0.0011). Further analysis highlighted the expression of KLRG 1+ in T-cells with shorter TL but less frequent among newborns. The study concludes that TERT, parental TL, antenatal maternal health, and immunity have a significantly positive effect on the repair of newborn TL.

Background In orthopedic surgery, bleeding is an inevitable side effect. The study's aim was to provide estimated blood loss values in various orthopedic procedures and take a step towards developing statistically reliable formulae. This can provide blood loss values in orthopedic surgery, which will be a very good tool for operative planning. Materials and methods We reviewed case notes of 282 patients in a UK based trauma center from December 2020 to March 2021,who had undergone a various orthopedic procedures. The results were analyzed using SPSS version 25. Results Most common fracture was neck of femur (37.5%)followed by intertrochanteric fractures(27.6%). Paired t -test was used, and there is good evidence (t281 = 14.957, p = 0.000) that intraoperative transfusions increased HB levels in patients (t281 = 14.957, p = 0.000) by an average of 1.331 points, with a 95% confidence interval of 1.156–1.506. As a result, the variation between the Pre-op and Post-op HB levels is statistically important but minimal. We can see that the mean blood loss is statistically different in different age groups (0.03) of patients and by the existence of co-morbids using analysis of variance (0.04). The average number of days spent in the hospital varies by surgical type (0.01) performed on patients. Conclusion Orthopedic surgery can be associated with high levels of blood loss. There is a significant relation between fracture form and age groups, change of wound dressing (COD), use of a tourniquet, and drain insertion, no connection was noted between gender and fracture types.

The advancement of modern molecular biology techniques has made it possible to detect fetal anomalies beforehand in order to tackle the upcoming situation. However, the idea is to devise the most sensitive screening tools with fewer chances of errors as well as noninvasive methods to diagnose fetal abnormalities. Previously used methods amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling possess risks for the fetus on the other hand cell free fetal DNA (cffDNA) method is less invasive and reduces the risk to fetus. However, currently most cffDNA screening tests routinely evaluate fetal sex and sex chromosomal aneuploidies while in developed countries analysis of cffDNA is incorporated in high-risk pregnancies to detect the defects and mutations. In Pakistan where the prevalence of birth defect is reported approximately 7% as well as increased consanguineous marriages increase the chance of such defects. Centers in Pakistan offer cffDNA testing but with a hefty cost on the pocket. This review highlights the importance and prospects of exploring the maternal plasma Cell-free DNA (cfDNA) screening in high risk mothers in Pakistan as well as the limitations and strengths of the technique. Since the cffDNA sequencing is a major advancement in genomic medicine that has reduced the invasive procedures in clinical medicine.