Aim: To determine the frequency and associated factors of contraceptives usage amongst married women in District Okara, Punjab. Methodology: To highlight the factors that have a positive impact in increasing the knowledge and all the barriers that hinder the usage of contraceptive a regional survey was conducted in which 350 married women 175 from rural and 175 from urban areas of Okara were selected through convenient sampling. Logistic regression was used in determination of the link between different explanatory variables with outcome variables that was the usage of contraceptives. Results: 37.42% women used contraceptives in both rural and urban areas of Okara. Different economic activity shaped by various social factors was pinpointed. Information, education and facts about modern birth control methods, women’s bodily autonomy and the need to have another newborn in future were a few of highlighted associated factors. Conclusions: This study depicts that women empowerment was consistently and positively linked with intention to use contraception. Moreover, updated and modern information related contraceptive services and personal motivation to have a child were the censorious factors in usage of present time contraceptive services. Hence these aroused problems need serious attention in formulating policies regarding maternal health in Pakistan. Keywords: Maternal health, contraceptive services, lady health care workers

Dengue virus infections are a major cause of mortality and morbidity in Southeast Asia, South and Central America with 24'000 deaths annually. Two factors are accountable for the severe outcomes of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF); one is the virulence of the virus and second is the cross-reactivity of various dengue serotypes with the immune system of the host. Rapid rise in the levels of various cytokines, particularly Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α), Interleukin-2 (IL-2), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Interleukin-8 (IL-8) have a major role in inducing distinctive clinical presentations of DHF. These range from simple plasma leakage to hemorrhagic problems and even shock. Another hallmark of DHF is the presence of cross reactive primary antibodies which produce an intense immune response in secondary infection resulting in immune mediated pathology seen in DHF. There have been many attempts made in the past for the development of a suitable vaccine for dengue fever. Vaccination using plasmid DNA against dengue fever is an active area of research. In this review the role of different cells in the multiplication of dengue virus and viral interactions with the immune system have been discussed. Special emphasis is given to the nature of DNA vaccines in general developmental efforts of a dengue fever vaccine.