Background: The rate of mortality is increasing in diabetic patients due to diabetes associated complications. The common complications include neuropathy, nephropathy, retinopathy, foot ulcer, slow wound healing, kidney dysfunction, amputation, dysfunction of organs, frequent infections, sepsis, skin diseases, hearing impairment, cardiovascular disorders etc. These complications can be diagnosed following some common symptoms such as increased thirst, frequent urination, extreme hunger, unexplained weight loss, fatigue, irritability, blurred vision, slow-healing sores etc. This survey was designed to study the prevalence of various complications in a group of diabetic patients so that effective treatment options could be developed against the most prevalent complications. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2019 in a tertiary care hospital of Karachi after the approval of the ethical committee of the hospital as well as in the University of Karachi. To perform this study, a questionnaire was designed comprised of different questions related to diabetic complications. The consent form was attached to each questionnaire in which the patient agreed to participate voluntarily in this survey. The diabetic patients who visited the General Physician OPD were the subjects of this survey. All designed questions included in the questionnaire were asked either directly from the patients or their attendants. Results: A total of 160 diabetic subjects were part of the study range between the ages of 11 to 90 years. Out of 160 patients, 52 were males and 108 were females. Among all subjects, 124 (78%) patients were type 2 while 57 (36%) were type 1 diabetic patients. 117 (73%) showed confusion of mind, 104 (65%) complained of blood pressure, and 105 (66%) had hypertension, 106 (66%) had eye damage (retinopathy), 96 (60%) were facing trouble focusing vision and 70 (44%) were experiencing seizures, 63 (39%) patients had laser treatment, 68 (43%) showed wounds on foot and slow wounds healing, 49 (31%) were having kidney damage (nephropathy), 79 (49%) had pain in legs or knee, 35 (22%) and 26 (16%) were complained of heart problems and liver damage respectively. Some patients were found to deal with more hunger, i.e., 99 (62%) patients, 118 (74%) were experiencing frequent urine desire, 138 (86%) showed fatigue, 123 (77%) were complained of thirst, 35 (22%) had nausea, 30 (19%) had frequent cold, 36 (23%) had skin problems, 17 (11%) patients showed frequent vomiting, 19 (12%), 13 (8%) and 16 (10%) were experiencing acne formation, stroke and nerve damage (neuropathy) respectively. Conclusion: All age groups showed diabetes-associated complications and different abnormal body conditions. However, the age groups ranging from thirty to eighty years showed more complications. The most prevalent complications reported were retinopathy, nephropathy, diabetic wounds on the foot, slow wound healing, seizures, hypertension, neuropathy, skin infections, cardiovascular disorders, liver damage and stroke in both types of diabetic patients. Our survey may aid in pointing out the most prevalent diabetic complications prevailing in our population so that effective treatment options could be developed to reduce these life-threatening complications.

IntroductionFeathers as a side-product of poultry sectors are produced and released in huge on daily basis in Pakistan. About several million tons of feathers are generated as waste worldwide by poultry processing industries annually and this waste to be used for animal feed being source of protein, amino acids and for many other applications 1) . Following process of hydrolysis, feathers are changed into feed stuff, glues, films and also used for some amino acids such as proline, cysteine, serine 2) . Biotechnology processing of poultry waste is preferred over chemical processing for production of feather meal as it preserves the essential amino acids instead 3) . The chemical conversion of feathers

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IntroductionBiological systems have evolved as a revolutionary technology for synthesizing nanoparticles (NPs) in recent years. Synthesis of NPs expanded greatly in the past few decades by manipulating their properties which makes the research area to grow bigger 1) . With 1-100 nm NPs size, they are utilized in medical industries, catalysis, electro-chemistry biosensors, water treatment, and trace substance detection 2) . They are synthesized by using chemical, physical and biological methods. Depending upon the external environment, NPs may be hollow, spherical, cylindrical, flat and

Research work was designed to investigate the density and diversity of pelagic rotifers in a Lake near Marala Headworks. The physico-chemical parameters of water such as pH, dissolved oxygen, temperature, electrical conductivity, transparency and turbidity were evaluated. Correlation between rotifers and these parameters was also studied. Plankton sampling was done on monthly basis in order to check the population density of rotifers. In total, 18 species of rotifers were identified which belonged to 11 genera. The highest number of rotifers and their diversity was shown by genera namely Brachionus, Keratella, and Filinia. The Brachionus calyciflorus was dominant species in all the samples with mean population density (41%). Analysis of variance of physico-chemical parameters presented that the air and water temperature, electrical conductivity, transparency, dissolved oxygen and oxygen saturation were statistically significant in all the months. While pH was statistically non-significant (p≥0.05. Pearson correlation showed that oxygen and transparency were negatively correlated with rotifers density and diversity. Air and water temperature, concentration of hydrogen ions (pH), electrical conductivity and salinity showed positive relationship with density and diversity of rotifers.