Gliosarcoma (GS) is a variant of IDH wild type of glioblastoma (WHO grade IV). It is characterized by biphasic tissue pattern showing glial and mesenchymal components. The glial component is usually similar to glioblastoma and the sarcomatous component is usually spindle cell type. Rarely the sarcomatous component can show additional lines of mesenchymal differentiation like cartilage, bone, smooth muscle, skeletal muscles etc. These tumours are more firm and discrete because of the high content of reticulin and collagen in the sarcomatous component. Originally these tumours were thought to arise from sarcomatous transformation of proliferating blood vessels or dedifferentiation of an advanced glioma. The recent studies show that both glial and sarcomatous component show identical mutations in p53, PTEN and TERT genes and suggest a monoclonal origin from a common stem cell. There is no significant difference in prognosis between glioblastoma and gliosarcoma. Here we report a case of gliosarcoma with chondrosarcomatous differentiation in a 52 year old gentleman. The case is presented here for its rarity.

Background:Meningiomas are the most common extra-axial tumours of central nervous system arising from arachnoidal cap cells. The biological behaviour of these tumours is unpredictable because of the tendency of these tumours to recur irrespective of the grade. However, WHO grading is the most useful morphological predictor of recurrence. Additional prognostic parameters like Ki67 proliferation index and progesterone receptor status are useful in predicting the risk of recurrence. This study was undertaken to evaluate the spectrum of Ki67 proliferation index in various grades of meningiomas and to correlate these findings with the hormone receptor status.Methods: In this study 225 cases of meningiomas, over 6 yrs period, were studied which included grade 1 and grade 2 meningiomas. The relation between Grade, Ki67 proliferation index and progesterone receptor status was studied. Result:We found a significant positive correlation between grade and Ki67 proliferation index at 0.01 level and significant negative correlation between Grade and progesterone receptor status at 0.05 level. There was also significant negative correlation between progesterone receptor status and Ki67 proliferation index in cases with progesterone receptor staining score of 6 to 12. Many of the grade 1 meningiomas also showed a higher Ki67 proliferation index Conclusion:In this study we conclude that, PR and Ki67 Proliferation index are useful supplements of routine histopathological assessment of meningiomas and can be used as prognostic indicators regarding behavior and response to treatment.

Low-grade appendiceal mucinous neoplasm (LAMN) is a rare malignancy and is found in less than 0.3% of appendectomy specimens. Patients with LAMN can present with abdominal pain and mimic clinically as appendicitis, intussusception or obstruction, hence high clinical suspicion is needed for correct diagnosis and management. The exact nature and nomenclature of these tumors when they disseminate into the peritoneum is controversial. The prognosis of LAMN is highly dependent on the presence or absence of neoplastic epithelium outside the appendix. Tumors with extra appendiceal acellular mucin in the right lower quadrant only rarely recur but tumors with extra appendiceal mucin and neoplastic epithelium recur more often. LAMNs with diffuse peritoneal seeding of neoplastic epithelium and mucin have a progressive clinical course that frequently results in death of the patient.  Hence whenever a case of mucinous neoplasm of the appendix is encountered, it is essential that the entire appendix be submitted for histopathologic examination and should be thoroughly evaluated for presence of extra appendiceal mucin and neoplastic epithelium, and also for the type of invasion in order to obtain the correct diagnosis and to predict the risk of recurrence. We present here three cases of low grade appendiceal tumors with their varied clinical presentation and histopathological findings, for their rarity and clinical importance.

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