Introduction and purpose: Asthma is a chronic disease of air pathways which is characterized by episodic or persistent reversible airflow obstruction with chronic inflammation of respiratory tract and increased bronchial reactivity. Our aim is to broaden patients’ knowledge concerning suitable diet and exercises which can help in controlling asthma symptoms. Description of the state of knowledge: A diet rich in vegetables and fruit contains a huge amount of fiber and anti-inflammatory flavonoids. introducing plant products into the diet of children with asthma improves parameters such as FEV1, FVC and PEF. Dairy products, on the other hand, are associated with worsening of these parameters and are not recommended for patients with asthma. The aforementioned effects are related to the presence of cow's milk protein and increased activity of interleukin 17. The Western diet being rich in animal fats and low in fiber is not recommended for patients with asthma. This is primarily due to resulting difficulty in maintaining a healthy body weight and the pro-inflammatory properties of animal fats. Conclusions: In light of the impact of a suitable diet on the reduction of asthma symptoms, it is recommended to increase the share of vegetables and fruit in the daily menu of asthmatics and to limit their consumption of animal fats. In addition, young patients are encouraged to undertake physical activity adapted to their individual abilities.

Introduction and purpose: Acute rhinosinusitis is a common condition worldwide, usually caused by respiratory viruses. Nasal epithelium is their primary point of entry and an active responder to the infection. Therefore, it seems reasonable for the treatment approach to include locally applied drugs. Our purpose is to bring forward up-to-date recommendations of intranasal treatment options for acute rhinosinusitis, and assess their efficacy and safety. Description of the state of knowledge: Rhinosinusitis is an inflammation of the mucosa present in the nose and the paranasal sinuses. It affects many patients yearly, bearing significant adverse effects on quality of life, productivity and healthcare expenditure. Acute rhinosinusitis lasts less than 12 weeks and is divided into viral, post-viral and acute bacterial rhinosinusitis. It is one of the prevailing reasons for unfounded antibiotics prescription, although it is usually self-limiting. Its treatment depends on the clinical stage of the infection, however, each of them encloses medications administered intranasally. Based on EPOS2020 and scientific publications it seems that nasal decongestants may be prescribed in viral rhinosinusitis, nasal corticosteroids in post-viral rhinosinusitis and nasal saline can prove beneficial in all clinical stages of rhinosinusitis. While used appropriately all aforementioned medications prove to be safe. Conclusions: In the light of the findings presented in this paper, it can be concluded that acute rhinosinusitis should be treated not only with oral, but also with intranasal drugs. Nasal decongestants are to be considered in viral rhinosinusitis mainly. Nasal corticosteroids show some positive effect in post-viral rhinosinusitis. Nasal saline can be administered in all clinical stages of acute rhinosinusitis. It is crucial to caution the patients against misuse of the medications, in order to prevent their adverse effects.

Introduction and purpose: The growing number of obese people is one of the greatest problems of modern medicine. It is estimated that every 10th person is obese. Recent studies also suggest that the gut microbiome may contribute to the pathogenesis of obesity. Description of the state of knowledge: Microbiota is named a super organ that has the ability to evolve in response to changing conditions within the host organism. It is named so because it is made up of over 100,000 billion cells that belong to different groups of organisms. Microbiota consists of bacteria, fungi, protists, viruses and archaea. This taxonomically diverse collective plays a vital role in maintaining the homeostasis of the human body. A well-balanced intestinal flora protects the digestive tract from colonization by pathogenic microorganisms, it is also important in maintaining the integrity of the intestinal walls, is involved in the synthesis of certain vitamins and plays a role in nourishing mucosa cells. Moreover, it is known that the microflora can influence body weight, insulin sensitivity, and  metabolism of certain sugars and lipids. Disturbances in the composition of the microbiome (dysbiosis) lead to an increased absorption of short-chain fatty acids, which leads to an increase in endogenous YY peptide synthesis. This protein slows down the intestinal transit and indirectly leads to increased absorption of nutrients. This predisposes to the development of obesity. The use of prebiotics, probiotics and some antibiotics reduces intestinal dysbiosis. For obese patients, it is associated with reduction of insulin resistance and decrease in blood glucose level. Conclusions: In the light of the available studies, it can be concluded that intestinal dysbiosis may play a role in the pathogenesis of obesity. Unfortunately, the practical application of this knowledge is not yet well documented. Therefore this topic requires further experiments and analysis.

Introduction and purpose: To briefly introduce the reader to the application of nuclear medicine studies in the diagnosis and treatment of musculoskeletal disorders developed among athletes.    Materials and methods: To prepare this review, publications indexed in the PubMed and Google Scholar databases were analyzed. Special attention was given to full-text articles published in English between 2015 and 2023, as well as to the references cited by the authors of selected publications. Description of the state of knowledge: Nuclear medicine is applied in the diagnosis and therapy of orthopedic conditions. Commonly used nuclear medicine techniques include planar bone scintigraphy (WBS), single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) combined with computed tomography (CT), and positron emission tomography (PET) combined with computed tomography (CT). Summary: The utilization of nuclear medicine techniques allows for proper diagnosis and early treatment of musculoskeletal disorders, including pathologies resulting from sports-related physical activity.