Consumer ethnocentrism literature has focused on examining ethnocentric tendencies among consumers from developed countries utilizing the well-known consumer ethnocentrism scale. This study aims to measure Jordanian consumers' ethnocentric tendencies towards Arabian products and to explore how such ethnocentric tendencies vary based on their demographic variables. Data were collected from a total of 372 Arab Jordanian consumers who live in Amman city during the winter of 2008. The findings of the current study indicate that Jordanian consumers have strong ethnocentric tendencies towards purchasing products of Arab countries. Moreover, the findings reveal that Jordanian consumers' ethnocentric tendencies towards purchasing Arabian products did not vary by gender, marital status, income and age. However, geographical location proved to have significant influence on Jordanians' ethnocentric tendencies towards products made in Arab countries. Overall, the concept of consumer ethnocentrism can help Arab and global marketers to develop more effective marketing strategies.

Purpose This paper aims to examine the causes and consequences of animosity that Sunni Arabs may harbor against Iran and Turkey – two regional powers and key players in the Middle East. Design/methodology/approach Using Jordanians as proxy for Sunni Arab consumers, data were collected from 218 respondents by means of an intercept survey. A systematic random sampling was used in selecting the respondents. Structural equation modeling was used to examine the role of religious/sectarian commitment (Sunni Islamic), ethnic identification (Arab), nationalism, patriotism and internationalism as potential sources of animosity of Sunni Arabs toward Iran and Turkey. Findings The findings show integrative/multiplicative impact of various social attributes on Sunni Arabs’ animosity toward Iran and Turkey and indicate a higher prevalence of animosity toward Iran than toward Turkey among the respondents. The findings also show how animosity decreases the likelihood of buying Iranian and Turkish products by Jordanian consumers. Research limitations/implications This paper, while unearthing interesting relationships among five antecedent variables, consumer animosity and purchase intentions, calls for further research to examine how the relationships between feelings of animosity and willingness to purchase products could be moderated by variables such as world-mindedness and foreign travel. Future researchers should also study how consumer animosity can be reduced. Practical implications The findings provide insights as to how foreign marketers can adjust their marketing strategies in the lucrative Arab market. Social implications The findings call for a more nuanced understanding of the role of religious/sectarian commitment, ethnicity, nationalism, patriotism and internationalism in causing and/or exacerbating animosity and consequently affecting purchase decisions of consumers. Originality/value The study contributes to the existing literature by measuring the hitherto unexamined role of intra-religious sectarian feelings in consumer animosity and purchase decisions and by analyzing the mediating role of consumer animosity between the five antecedent variables and willingness to purchase products from “enemy” countries.

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