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Aim: To evaluate the perception of educational environment of post-graduate residents in teaching hospitals of Pakistan. Methodology: This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in four tertiary care hospitals in Pakistan from January 2020 to November 2020.The Post-graduate Hospital Education Environment Measure (PHEEM) inventory (40 items on a 0-4 Likert scale) was distributed among 195 post-graduate residents of multiple specialties by convenience non-probability sampling technique. Response was recorded into three subscales which included perception of teaching, role of autonomy and social support. The total score of these three domains had a combined maximum and minimum of 160 and 0, respectively. Results: Cumulative mean score obtained in our study showed a total score of 23.69 ± 16.247 / 56 for the theme: Perception of Role of autonomy, 24.17 ± 16.928 / 60 for Perception of Teaching and 19.35 ± 13.224 / 44 for Perception of Social Support. Conclusion: There are no drastic flaws in the post-graduate medical education residency-training program currently running in Pakistan. However, there is need for further improvement in teaching attitude of instructors and the need to eradicate discriminatory behavior felt by the post-graduate residents in certain circumstances. Keywords: Perception, Educational environment, Postgraduate Residents, Pakistan

Aim: To determine the viral load in the patients admitted in Covid-19 isolation and its correlation with the inflammatory markers and the following clinical outcome. Methodology: A retrospective study was conducted in the Pathology Department of Doctors Hospital and Medical Centre in Lahore, Pakistan from November 2020 to January 2021. IRB approval was granted. A total of 86 patients met the inclusion criteria for the study. Data was analyzed using research tool SPSS 24. Results: Increased serum viral load in SARS-CoV-2 infection showed positive correlation with inflammatory markers IL-6 (P =0.04) and D-dimer (P =0.029). Inflammatory markers LDH, Ferritin, Procalcitonin, D-Dimers and viral load itself (CT) all correlated with higher mortality while IL-6 did not. Conclusion: Serum viral load in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 correlates with higher mortality rates itself and also raises certain inflammatory markers (IL-6, D-Dimers), which are independently accountable for causing higher mortality as well. Hence, increased inflammatory markers resulted in poor prognosis regardless of high or low viral load. Their correlation with mortality can still serve as prognostic indicators. Keywords: viral load, inflammatory markers, Covid-19, mortality

Aim: To evaluate the application of the principles of Patient and Family-centered Care Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Pediatric and Neonatal Intensive care unit of a tertiary care hospital in Punjab, Pakistan. IRB approval was granted, and the study spanned a period from January 2019 to June 2019. A questionnaire was created to survey the pediatric patient's parents. Data analysis was done using SPSS 25. Results: A total of 158 responses were recorded. The majority of the parents felt that patient and family-centered care was not being applied to the admitted patients' management plans in the pediatric and neonatal ICUs. Conclusion: The treatment of patients in the pediatric and neonatal ICUs was not following the principles of patient and family-centered care. Therefore, further studies are required to improve the ease of access, alongside limiting the barriers to the patient and family-centered care in Pakistan. This way, patients can benefit from improved outcomes associated with PFCC. Keywords: Neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), intensive care unit (ICU), pediatric intensive care unit (PICU), patient and family-centered care (PFCC).