Only 13 cases of renal cell carcinoma metastasis to the left atrium of the heart have been described. We report the case of a man in his 50s who had undergone radical nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma in 2006 and presented with amnesia at our neurology department in 2020. Magnetic resonance images of the brain showed metastatic lesions; subsequent computed tomograms of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis revealed a mass in the left atrium and multiple metastases in the lung, pleura, and pancreas. Our cardiologists advised against surgical removal of the left atrial mass because of a poor prognosis, so radiation therapy and immunotherapy were initiated instead.

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The cardiometabolic health spectrum that encompasses atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), dysglycemia, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and their sequelae are associated with several contributing factors, including high caloric intake and poor-quality diet.1 ASCVD and diabetes are closely associated, and both are increasing worldwide, particularly in the developing world.2 Pakistan is part of the South Asian subcontinent with a high prevalence of ASCVD and diabetes. Besides many other factors, the composition, quality, and quantity of the food consumed in the South Asian subcontinent appear to play a significant role in the manifestation of these diseases.3 Pakistan has an extensive array of geographical regions, ethnicities, and cultures that determine their dietary patterns and lifestyle choices.4 When compared with India, Pakistani food has always been based on more animal proteins.5 Recent socioeconomic growth and exposure to other cultures, particularly the Western and Middle Eastern influence have affected Pakistan’s dietary patterns.6 Food choices have become more energy-dense with higher calories and high-fat content, including excessive use of saturated and trans-fat containing ingredients.7 The non-communicable diseases (NCDs) risk factor survey showed that 96.5% of the participants were consuming an unhealthy diet.6 The variety of food choices together with increasing use of sugar-sweetened carbonated and non-carbonated beverages and lack of physical activity has led to an overall increase in the body weight and prevalence of obesity in society over the last two to three decades. These factors have resulted in a significant rise in the incidence of cardio-metabolic diseases.2 More importantly, these new trend has affected our younger population with the onset of diabetes and ASCVD at an earlier age.7-9 Most of the research on nutrition, dietary patterns, and their association with CVD has been conducted in developed and resource-rich populations.10 Specific diets that are associated with better cardiovascular morbidity and mortality include the Mediterranean style, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) style, Healthy US-Style, and healthy vegetarian style diets.11-13 The guidelines on diet and nutrition for cardiovascular health from the major societies (AHA/ACC, European Society of Cardiology) are mostly based upon the data from the above mentioned dietary styles.14 Pakistan lacks applied nutritional guidelines that can be adapted for our general and patient populations. A valuable resource, Pakistan Dietary Guidelines for Better Nutrition (PDGN) was published by the Ministry of Planning, Government of Pakistan 2019 However; it is not formally incorporated into guidelines for our medical societies or resulted in meaningful governmental policies.15 Therefore, there is an urgent need to address the lack of framework on nutrition for Pakistani population. Not only a review and improvement in our diet is required, other aspects of primary and secondary prevention related to lifestyle modification need also to be incorporated. This necessitates a need to develop a national policy to focus on all aspects of improving cardiovascular health and to address the issues related to the advertisement of unhealthy food choices on electronic and print media. This approach has been taken up by the developed world with significant results in health for their populations.16 There has been a gradual reduction in smoking and consumption of fast food through national policies and promotion of measures such as availability of food labeling, reduction of trans fat content in the food, and encouragement of exercise and physical activity through the availability of playing areas, cycling routes and sports in schools.8,9 Similarly, a more recent change in imposing a tax levy on sugar-sweetened beverages has improved the uptake of sugar-free carbonated drinks.17 Comprehensive diet and nutrition policies and guidelines must be developed, with the participation of all the stakeholders, at a national level and endorsed by the Government, and to fully resource the implementation across Pakistan. National guidelines on diet and nutrition must be based on a deeper understanding of the geographical, cultural, social, and economic situation of Pakistan. There are huge wealth inequalities in Pakistan leading to pockets of the population where there is an abundance of unhealthy foods consumed due to the adoption of Western style fast-food choices. More epidemiological and scientific work is required to learn the extent of the problem, particularly the role of our current diet as a causative factor in cardio metabolic diseases specific to the Pakistani population. Working closely with the education sector to build nutritional and healthy lifestyle advice into the core curriculum would allow access to a significant proportion of the population. This will accentuate the critical role of initiating heart-healthy dietary habits early in life. Given the limitations of resources available, we must adopt and incorporate innovative and novel solutions to influence and educate our local population based on consistent standard guidelines. For example, social media and IT-based solutions are being utilised to educate and follow up participants in the HEAL-Ramadan and COMET-Health Programmes. A majority of our population has access to information through either social media or mass media (electronic and print). The use of this approach is found to be cost-effective, easily reproducible, and less labor-intensive for public health education, a very important aspect of lifestyle measures programs. For inclusivity, we must also explore education interventions for parts of the Pakistan population for which an electronic-based program may not be suitable. A clinical review in the next quarter’s issue of Pakistan Heart Journal and a position paper later in the year on this subject will further highlight this important aspect of cardiovascular health.  Our current editorial provides an outline and syntax for future work in this important area. We propose that the framework provided should be deliberated and discussed with other key stakeholders to develop comprehensive national guidelines incorporating the input from the relevant quarters. Furthermore, dietary guidelines must form an essential aspect of primary and secondary management of the cardio-metabolic disease spectrum and must include other facets of lifestyle measures, such as optimal body mass index, exercise, and cessation of smoking in the population. References Wu JHY, Micha R, Mozaffarian D. Dietary fats and cardiometabolic disease: mechanisms and effects on risk factors and outcomes. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2019;16(10):581-601. Kapoor D, Iqbal R, Singh K, Jaacks LM, Shivashankar R, Sudha V, et al. Association of dietary patterns and dietary diversity with cardiometabolic disease risk factors among adults in South Asia: The CARRS study. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2018;27(6):1332-43. Barolia R, Petrucka P, Higginbottom GA, Khan FFS, Clark AM. Motivators and Deterrents to Diet Change in Low Socio-Economic Pakistani Patients with Cardiovascular Disease. Glob Qual Nurs Res. 2019;6:2333393619883605. Mahal DG, Matsoukas IG. The Geographic Origins of Ethnic Groups in the Indian Subcontinent: Exploring Ancient Footprints with Y-DNA Haplogroups. Front Genet. 2018;9:4. Safdar NF, Bertone-Johnson E, Cordeiro L, Jafar TH, Cohen NL. Dietary patterns of Pakistani adults and their associations with sociodemographic, anthropometric and life-style factors. J Nutr Sci. 2014;2:e42. Rafique I, Saqib MAN, Munir MA, Qureshi H, Rizwanullah, Khan SA, et al. Prevalence of risk factors for noncommunicable diseases in adults: key findings from the Pakistan STEPS survey. East Mediterr Health J. 2018;24(1):33-41. Sadia A, Strodl E, Khawaja NG, Kausar R, Cooper MJ. Understanding eating and drinking behaviours in Pakistani university students: A conceptual model through qualitative enquiry. Appetite. 2021;161:105133. Iqbal R, Iqbal SP, Yakub M, Tareen AK, Iqbal MP. Major dietary patterns and risk of acute myocardial infarction in young, urban Pakistani population. Pak J Med Sci. 2015;31(5):1213-8. Titus AR, Kalousova L, Meza R, Levy DT, Thrasher JF, Elliott MR, Lantz PM, Fleischer NL. Smoke-Free Policies and Smoking Cessation in the United States, 2003-2015. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(17):3200. Anton S, Ezzati A, Witt D, McLaren C, Vial P. The effects of intermittent fasting regimens in middle-age and older adults: Current state of evidence. Exp Gerontol. 2021;156:111617. Lichtenstein AH, Appel LJ, Vadiveloo M, Hu FB, Kris-Etherton PM, Rebholz CM, et al. 2021 Dietary Guidance to Improve Cardiovascular Health: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2021;144(23):e472-e87. Kim RJ, Lopez R, Snair M, Tang A. Mediterranean diet adherence and metabolic syndrome in US adolescents. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2021;72(4):537-47. Harnden KE, Frayn KN, Hodson L. Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet: applicability and acceptability to a UK population. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2010;23(1):3-10. Ferraro RA, Fischer NM, Xun H, Michos ED. Nutrition and physical activity recommendations from the United States and European cardiovascular guidelines: a comparative review. Curr Opin Cardiol. 2020;35(5):508-16. Iqbal R, Tahir S, Ghulamhussain N. The need for dietary guidelines in Pakistan. J Pak Med Assoc. 2017;67(8):1258-61. Cámara M, Giner RM, González-Fandos E, López-García E, Mañes J, Portillo MP, et al. Food-Based Dietary Guidelines around the World: A Comparative Analysis to Update AESAN Scientific Committee Dietary Recommendations. Nutrients. 2021;13(9):3131. Teng AM, Jones AC, Mizdrak A, Signal L, Genç M, Wilson N. Impact of sugar-sweetened beverage taxes on purchases and dietary intake: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev. 2019;20(9):1187-204.

Objective: To compare the frequency of dry sockets in patients receiving acetaminophen versus ibuprofen for simple dental extraction of mandibular molars. Methods: It was double-blinded randomized controlled trial study conducted at the Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery Department at the Fatima Memorial Hospital, Lahore Pakistan from January 2018 to July 2018. One hundred patients were randomized using random number table into two groups each consisting of 50 patients. Group A received acetaminophen whereas group B received ibuprofen thirty minutes preoperatively and every eight hours postoperatively for two days. Both groups were followed for 48-72 hours after extraction for pain status and clot absence. Results: In group A moderate pain was reported by 80% of patients whereas 18% faced severe pain. In group B 62% of patients had moderate pain and 36% had severe pain the difference was statistically insignificant(P>0.05). The clot was absent in 8% of patients in group A and 30% in group B which was statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion: The study concluded that ibuprofen used for analgesia increases the occurrence of dry socket as compared to acetaminophen. Keywords: Acetaminophen, Alveolar Osteitis, Alveolitis, Dry socket

Background: To date, no optimal way of organizing and delivering care to hypertensive patients at the primary carer level has been identified, due to which a significant number of patients fail to meet the treatment goals. The current study aims to observe hypertension educational intervention's effect on general physicians (GPs) to indirectly improve blood pressure control and patient outcomes. Methodology: In this randomized control trial, GPs will be divided into 2 groups and both groups will be asked to fill hypertension awareness questionnaire at baseline and, after randomization. GPs of the group I will receive (1 day) face-to-face education with structured educational material on hypertension management strategies. GPs of group II will receive the print version of educational material (structured educational material) on strategies of structured hypertension management. Both groups of GPs will recruit 10 (5 newly diagnosed + 5 already diagnosed patients) from the study site. The patient will be asked to fill hypertension awareness questionnaire at baseline and share a 12-hour blood pressure measurement. GPs and patients will be reassessed after 3 months of intervention. Discussion: The purpose of designing this study is to observe the effect of hypertension educational intervention for general physicians to improve blood pressure control and patient outcomes indirectly. Results of this study may provide a basis for developing a hypertension educational program targeted at general physicians. Trial registration: The trial was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05038774.