Introduction: Thyroid status because of the expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2), which is a functional receptor for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in thyroid glands, maybe affects COVID-19 patients’ outcomes. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the correlation of thyroid status with the severity and mortality of COVID-19 patients. Patients and Methods: In a retrospective cohort study conducted on 521 COVID-19 patients, data were collected by a demographic questionnaire and a checklist of patient outcomes (death/recovery) from the hospital information system (HIS) and analyzed by SPSS version 26 and binary logistic regression. Data about thyroid status were collected from clinical documents and laboratory test data. Results: Most patients were male (57.2%) with a mean age of 56.12 ± 17.4 years. Seventy-seven patients had a severe stage of disease, and 55 patients died. Twenty-one patients had hyperthyroidism, and 53 patients had hypothyroidism. Results showed that the correlation between hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism with severity and mortality risk of COVID-19 patients was insignificant (P > 0.05). Conclusion: In this study, we concluded that, thyroid status is not associated with COVID-19 outcomes such as severity or mortality.

Hyperparathyroidism is a condition where the parathyroid glands produce excess parathyroid hormone, increasing calcium levels in the blood. Chronic hypercalcemia due to hyperparathyroidism has been linked with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and other vascular complications such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, and thrombosis.

Introduction: Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are the most recent pharmaceutical group for type 2 diabetes (T2D) treatment. Evidence indicates contradictory relationships between sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors and bladder cancer (BC). Hence, this study aims to investigate the relationship between SGLT2 inhibitors and BC in patients with T2D. Materials and Methods: This study is a systematic review and meta-analysis based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). International databases including Cochrane, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar were conducted for searching with keywords and without time and language limitations. The reference searching stage continued upgrading until November, 2022. Data analysis was performed with STATA 14 software. The tests with P values lower than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: The four reviewed studies with a sample size comprising 497 755 individuals indicated the impact of SGLT2 inhibitors on BC of patients with T2D (OR: 0.68; 95% CI: 0.37, 1.2). The effect of dapagliflozin, canagliflozin and empagliflozin administration on the incidence of BC among the T2D patients were (OR: 0.72; 95% CI: 0.39, 1.30), (OR: 0.53; 95% CI: 0.23, 1.20), and (OR: 0.51; 95% CI: 0.20, 1.28), respectively. Conclusion: The general conclusion of this study revealed that SGLT2 inhibitors did not increase the risk of BC in T2D patients. The analysis of subgroups also indicated that the administration of dapagliflozin, canagliflozin, and empagliflozin also did not increase the risk of BC in T2D patients. Registration: This study has been compiled based on the PRISMA checklist, and its protocol was registered on the PROSPERO website (ID=CRD42023389014).