Autophagy has been of novel interest since it was first demonstrated to have effect in Burkitt’s lymphoma. Since that time, the autophagy agents chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine have become the only FDA (Food and Drug Administration)-approved autophagy inhibitors. While not approved for cancer therapy, there are ongoing clinical trials to evaluate their safety and efficacy. Pevonedistat has emerged as a novel inhibitor through the neddylation pathway and is an autophagy activator. This paper summarizes and presents current clinical trials for hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), chloroquine (CQ), and Pevonedistat for the clinician.

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The antimicrobial resistant microorganisms will take us again to an era where a simple infection could lead to serious illness and death, interest in using medicinal plants as a source of new antimicrobials has increased. Cyclamen persicum is a traditional medicinal plant that showed to have some medicinal effects. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of C. persicum tuber water, acetone, ethanol and methanol extracts on different pathogenic bacteria and candida. It was found that C. persicum tuber acetone, ethanol and methanol extracts have antibacterial effect on many Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria specially S. pyogenes, S. aureus, E. faecalis, P. mirabilis, K. pneumoniae, E. cloacae, P. aeruginosa and S. flexneri. C. persicum tuber acetone, ethanol and methanol extracts also showed great antifungal effect against all Candida used in this study. The study also reported extracting saponin from C. persicum tubers methanol extract.

Background: The number of elderly people is increasing worldwide, and elevated body mass index is a common problem that occur with elderly people, which can be directly or indirectly affected by level of physical activity and gender. So, it is essential to study the effect of both physical activity and gender on body mass index in elderly people. Material and methods: A cross-sectional, observational study was conducted on 120 elderly Jordanian people who live in Amman (62 women; 58 men) and evaluated for body mass index. Those participants were 40 elderly persons who attended the gym at least twice a week for the last 2 years, and 80 elderly who were home resident or physically inactive. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data about personal, social, health and life-style information including the daily activities and the anthropometric measurements for the study participants. Results: The results of this study showed that as elderly people become physically inactive, their body mass index will increase to become as overweight or obese. The results of this study also showed that body mass index of 30 and more was associated with gender, with majority of female elderly (50%) having body mass index of 30 or more. Conclusion: Physical activity should be maintained by both genders in order to prevent obesity, primarily in women as they are more likely to become obese that men. Furthermore, body mass index should not exceed 30 in elderly. Physical activity is essential in order to obtain healthy weight.