Abelmoschus esculentus okra as whole stalks was examined for its suitability for pulp and paper production. It's, fiber dimensions, morphological and chemical characteristics were reported. The pulping trials with soda-Anthraquinone (AQ,) at different chemical charges. Application of 21% as NaOH with 0.1% AQ gave good results in degree of delignification, mechanical properties. Utilization of okra pulps and blender is recommended due to good pulp properties. Evaluation of general characteristics of okra stalks in terms of fiber dimensions morphological indices, chemical components, Soda-AQ cooking and to study their suitability for paper production. Okra Fiber dimension evaluation done after maceration with a mixture of 30% hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid (1:1) for core and bark parts separately and was carried out under microscope staining with aqueous safranin. The Soda-AQ cooks at different active alkali levels were calculated as NaOH on oven dry raw material. The fibers from okra stalks studied (core and bark) were in the range of hardwood fibers, with short fiber length, especially the core with more or less moderate walls, narrow lumen and fiber width. The fiber width of bark was medium-narrow with medium wall thickness. The ash content was rather high whereas the silica content was comparatively high The hot water extractives from okra stalks was (4.1%), cold water (0.4) ethanol/ cyclohexane (1.1), ethanol extractives (1.2%) and 1% NaOH (27.6%) were rather high. The cellulose (Kurschner-Hoffer) was (48.5%) The lignin content was (15.3%) which was relatively moderate. The use of 0.1% AQ enhanced the delignification in the three trials applied. The screened yield increase with increase of chemical dose applied while the rejects decrease. When 21% NaOH was applied, the screened yield was 32.2% with negligible amount of rejects, however with lower alkali charge 18% the screened yield was decreased to 28% with very low rejects 1.5%. on the other hand rejects were increased to 7% when 15% NaOH was applied with very low screened yield 19%.The pulps produced from okra soda-AQ are suitable for production of printing and writing papers and it is advisable to use them in blending due to good papermaking properties.

The fibre characteristics and chemical composition of Gossypium hirsutum, Sudanese cotton stalks, were assessed for their suitability for papermaking. Soda-anthraquinone (soda-AQ), alkaline sulphiteanthraquinone (AS-AQ) and ASAM (alkaline sulphite-anthraquinone-methanol) cooking was carried out with different alkali charges and pulps with acceptable to good yields and mechanical properties were obtained. ASAM pulping gave the best results in yields, degree of delignification and mechanical pulp properties. AS-AQ pulp cooking with the ratio of 70: 30 as NaOH: Na SO gave better results compared to the ratio of 60: 40.

The aim of this study to utilize the pruned branches of Citrus limon in pulping with alkaline pulping methods and to determine the suitability of guar gum to improve the strength properties of pulps. The physical properties of these branches exhibited high medium density and very low percentages of bark to wood ratio. The whole chemical components of these raw materials indicated the suitability to pulp with alkaline cooking methods. Alkaline sulfite anthrquinone with methanol methods gave very good screened yield (60.1%), negligible rejects and bleachable Kappa number 19.5 and best strength properties especially tensile and strengths. Alkaline sulfite with anthraquinone gave very good screened yield with small percentage of rejects and bleachable Kappa number. On the other hand soda cooking produced pulps with acceptable yield (41.9%), rejects (3%) and suitable strengths. The soda anthraquinone pulping methods produced pulp with good yields (56 -59.7%).It is obvious the effect of anthraquinone in preserving carbohydrates specifically hemicelluloses which increase the yields and strengths. Guar gum improved the physical properties of pulps when added during beating with (0.25% on oven dry Soda-AQ pulps) It clear the suitability of Citrus limon branches with age of two years in cooking with all alkaline pulping methods applied.

2015): Study for adsorption behaviors of emulsion oil on a novel ZrO 2 /PVDF modified membrane, Desalination and Water Treatment, A B S T R A C TAdsorption is one of the most important reasons for membrane fouling. In this study, adsorption of emulsion oil on a novel ZrO 2 /PVDF modified membrane and the original PVDF membrane (OM) were compared. The adsorption behaviors between membranes and emulsion oil droplets were investigated by calculating the thermodynamics parameters, fitting adsorption isotherms and kinetic models, in addition to other influencing factors, such as the initial concentration and temperature. The experimental data showed that MM had a better anti-oil-adsorption performance than OM. The results indicated that the Temkin isotherm model was the most suitable to describe emulsion oil adsorption on membranes, which showed that the adsorption tended to be a multilayer adsorption on an inhomogeneous membrane. The thermodynamics parameters showed that physical adsorption was primary, and the adsorption forces between membrane and oil droplets were mainly physical adsorption forces. Moreover, a pseudo-first-order kinetic model produced the highest value of R 2 , which showed that the emulsion oil adsorption rate on the membrane was directly proportional to the difference in value between the equilibrium concentration and the instantaneous concentration.

This study aims to utilize the pruned branches of Citrus limon in pulping with alkaline pulping methods and to determine the suitability of guar gum to improve the strength properties of pulps and limitations of cutting trees for environmental issues and utilization of lemon branches as horticultural residues. These branches’ physical properties exhibited high medium density and very low percentages of bark to wood ratio. The whole chemical components of these raw materials indicated the suitability to a pulp with alkaline cooking methods. In addition, alkaline sulfite anthraquinone with methanol methods gave excellent screened yield (60.1 %), negligible rejects, bleachable Kappa number 19.5, and best strength properties, especially tensile and strengths. Alkaline sulfite with anthraquinone gave excellent screened yield with a small percentage of rejects and bleachable Kappa number. On the other hand, soda cooking produced pulps with acceptable yield (41.9 %), rejects (3 %), and suitable strengths. The soda anthraquinone pulping methods produced pulp with good yields (56 - 59.7 %). Obviously, anthraquinone’s effect in preserving carbohydrates, specifically hemicelluloses, increases the yields and strengths. Guar gum improved pulps’ physical properties when added during beating with (0.25 % on oven-dry Soda-AQ pulps). It clears Citrus limon branches’ suitability with an age of 2 years in cooking with all alkaline pulping methods applied.