Background: Hepatitis B (HBV) is a common chronic viral disease that affects liver. About 7% people worldwide are infected with HBV with the majority of the cases seen in developing countries with limited medical facilities. It is a blood-borne disease and contributing factors for risk assessment varies from place to place. Aim: To acquire key factors for risk assessment of hepatitis B patients of the northern area of Pakistan. Methods: A case-control study was done among the patients visiting Ayub Teaching Hospital for a regular checkup. The sample included 80 cases and 80 controls by the non-probability convenient method. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire and analyzed by SPSS 23. Frequencies, mean, standard deviation, p values and odds ratio were calculated. Results: A total of 160 subjects were included in this study(80 controls & 80 cases of HBV. Mean age for cases was 38.74±13.597 years. Odds ratios and p values were calculated for different factors. The odds ratio for a history of blood transfusion, sharing toothbrushes, eliciting injectable drugs, history of recent dental procedure and surgical procedure were 1.581, 1.116, 2.206, 1.581 and 1.165 respectively. Conclusion: Although not significant, yet, low socioeconomic status, family history and piercing ears/nose and tattoos resulted in a higher percentage ascontributing factors of HBV infection. In Northern areas of Pakistan, these factors for risk assessment of hepatitis B should be kept in mind and proper disease awareness and primary prevention program should be observed. Keywords: Hepatitis B virus (HBV), risk assessment, Northern areas, KPK, Pakistan.

Background: Young adults use energy drinks that have high caffeine levels. Higher consumption will increase health risk. Effects of different ingredients on health need to be investigated. Consumption of energy drinks has become popular in students but there has been little research regarding energy drink consumption patterns in college students in Pakistan. Aim: To determine energy drink consumption patterns in college students, prevalence and frequency of energy drink use and the perception of students about benefits and hazards of energy drinks consumption. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted on total of 180 medical students of Nowshera from all years of medical course from Jan 2019 to Dec 2019. 180 medical students were selected through convenient sampling technique. After obtaining verbal consent the data were collected using a self-administered, closed ended questionnaire and analyzed by using SPSS version 20. Results: Frequency of energy drinks consumption was found to be 110(61.1%) in a sample of 180 medical students of MBBS. Sting was the most common brand consumed 73.33% consumed by them. The major reasons reported for its usage were to gain/replenish energy and boost stamina by 46(29.8%), and studying for examination by 25(16.2%). Advertisement 24(15.5%) was reported as the major source of information followed by friends 47(30.5%). Significant differences were found between usage of energy drinks with gender (<0.001), i.e., 79(71.8%) males and 31(28.2%) females. Conclusion: Consumption of energy drinks, despite the variation in the reason for choosing such drinks, is quite common in college students. Consumption rate was high in male gender (63.9%). The main reasons for consumption were to gain/replenish and boost energy and to increase the concentration in studies. A greater percentage (54.6%) of the students were aware of the adverse effects of energy drinks consumption. Keywords: Energy drinks, Health risk, Consumption, Energy, Socioeconomic status