Aim of the studyThe current study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in reducing pathological worry in patients with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD).Subject or material and methodsMethod. Three women with GAD were selected using a purposeful sampling method based on the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I disorders (SCID-I). A baseline single-case experimental design was used and participants were included in the treatment in a stepped manner. The Generalized Anxiety Disorder Questionnaire (GADQ-IV), the Pennsylvania State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ), the Worry Domain Questionnaire (WDQ), the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale (IUS) and the Cognitive Avoidance Questionnaire (CAQ) were used as the baseline, pre-treatment, post-treatment and one-month followup assessments.ResultsResults. The results showed that EMDR is effective in reducing pathological worry in patients with GAD. The participants were also successful in reducing the extent of their areas of worry, increasing their tolerance to uncertainty and conquering their cognitive avoidance. One-month follow-up also showed that the decline trend of participants’ worries continued.DiscussionDuring EMDR, participants’ negative images, emotions and cognition were decreased and gradually lost their reliability, whereas positive aspects became alive and active.ConclusionsEMDR is an effective method for the treatment of GAD in women.

The acceleration of final oocyte maturation and ovulation is recognized as a principal process in Caspian kutum Rutilus frisii kutum, a commercial and valuable species in Caspian Sea. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of catecholaminergic pharmaceutics which include Salbutamol (b 2 -adrenergic receptor agonist), Metoprolol (b 1 -adrenergic receptor antagonist), Clozapine and Olanzapine (the third generation of D 4 and D 2 dopamine receptor antagonists) which can be more efficient than the first and second generations, in combination with Buserelin ([D-Ser(tBu) 6 ,Pro 9 -NEt]-GnRHa) and Ovaprim (D-Ala 6 ,Pro 9 -Net)-sGnRH+Domperidone on ovulation and spawning induction in Caspian kutum. One hundred eight adult females were injected once with Buserelin Acetate (BUS) 5 lg kg À1 BW, Ovaprim 0.5 mL kg À1 BW, Salbutamol Sulphate (SLB) 4 mg kg À1 BW, Olanzapine (OLZ) 5 mg kg À1 BW, Clozapine (CZ) 12 mg kg À1 BW and Metoprolol Tartrate (MTP) 5 mg kg À1 BW, being divided into 12 groups: group 1, intact (negative control); group 2, Ovaprim (positive control); group 3, OLZ+SLB; group 4, OLZ+MTP; group 5, OLZ+BUS; group 6, CZ+SLB; group 7, CZ+MTP; group 8, CZ+BUS; group 9, OLZ+BUS+SLB; group 10, OLZ+BUS+MTP; group 11, CZ+BUS+SLB and group 12, CZ+BUS+MTP (N = 9). The results showed that the highest mean value in ovulation success, ovulation index, fertilization success, relative fecundity and the number of eggs belonged to Ovaprim treatment. On the other hand, spawning was successful in OLZ+-BUS+SLB and CZ+BUS treatments (P < 0.05), whereas it was lower in CZ+MTP, CZ+BUS+MTP and OLZ+BUS than the other treatments. Therefore, it could be concluded that Clozapine and Olanzapine potentiated the effect of Buserelin treatment in ovulation and spawning induction, while Metoprolol blocked the stimulatory effects of GnRHa, Clozapine and Olanzapine. Salbutamol also can amplify stimulatory effect of all mentioned pharmaceutics.